The Hellenistic Kingdoms Battles of Alexander’s Successors

Hellenistic Kingdoms (cont’d) Characteristics of the Hellenistic Monarchies General Remarks Macedonia Seleucid Empire Kingdom of the Ptolemies Key Terms Seleucid Empire Kingdom of the Ptolemies

Hellenistic Philosophies Skepticism Pyrrho (c ) Epicureanism Epicurus (c ) Stoicism Zeno of Citium (c ) Key Terms Skepticism Epicureanism Stoicism

The Roman Republic ( BCE) Origin –Myth –History Key Terms Aeneas Romulus

The Roman Republic (cont’d) The Roman Government Key Terms consul

The Roman Republic (cont’d) Roman Imperialism –Great Latin War ( )—Latium conquered –Late 4 th -early 3 rd cent.—Italy conquered –First Punic War ( ) –Second Punic War ( ) Key Terms Hannibal

The Roman Republic (cont’d) Roman Imperialism (cont’d) –Seleucids driven out of Asia Minor 189 –Macedonia and Greece annexed 146 –Carthage destroyed 146

The End of the Roman Republic The Roman Revolution ( BCE) –optimates and populares. –Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus –Gaius Marius (156-86) –Lucius Cornelius Sulla (r ) Key Terms Lucius Cornelius Sulla

The End of the Republic (cont’d) Julius Caesar –Consulship (59) –Wars in Gaul (58-52) –Civil Wars (51-47) –Dictatorship (47-44) –Assassination (44) Key Terms Julius Caesar First Triumvirate Cleopatra VII

The End of the Republic (cont’d) The Rise of Antony and Octavian –Rivalry Between Antony and Octavian (44-43) –The Second Triumvirate (43-38) Civil War Between Antony and Octavian (38-31) Octavian made Emperor (Augustus) (27) Key Terms Second Triumvirate Augustus Caesar

The Empire Under Augustus (27 BCE-14CE) Government –The Senate –The Assemblies –The Magistrates –The Army Patronage of Literature

Roman Literature Augustus’ Literary Circle –Maecenas, Horace, Vergil, Livy, Propertius The Aeneid –Written between 30 and 19 BCE –Secondary epic vs. primary epic –Questions raised: 1) to what extent are the gods in control? 2) which is stronger—good or evil? 3) what is the duty of a hero? Key Terms Vergil pietas furor

The Aeneid Questions for Discussion: –What kind of propaganda do you see in Jupiter’s speech in I: , especially in the second half? –How do Pyrrhus’ actions in II: reflect on the pietas of the Greeks? –How is Aeneas affected by the terrible actions of the Greeks, but of what is he reminded (II: )? –How does Dido behave before (I: ) and after (IV:86-118) she falls in love with Aeneas, and what effect does it have on the city? –What does Anchises prophesy in VI: ? –What does Anchises say the purpose of the Roman Empire is (VI: )? –Under what conditions are the Latins living under when Aeneas arrives (VII:55-57, )? –What happens to Queen Amata (VII: )? –Summarize Evander’s story of Hercules and the monster Cacus (VIII: ). What bearing do you think this story has on the Aeneid as a whole?

The Aeneid Questions for Discussion (cont’d): –What is Juno’s defense for her actions (X:90-136)? –What similarity do you see between the acts of Turnus (X: ) and Euryalus (IX: )? –How does the death of Pallas affect Aeneas (X: )? –When Lausus attacks Aeneas, after Aeneas kills Mezentius (Lausus’ father), and Aeneas then kills Lausus (X: ), why do you think Aeneas behaves as he does in X: ? –How pious is Aeneas after he is wounded by Turnus (XII: )? –Do you think Aeneas does the right thing at the end of the story (XII: )?