Recent Improvement of Integrated Observation Systems in Japan WMO Technical Conference on Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of Observation TECO-2010 Helsinki, Finland, 31 August 2010 Kenji AKAEDA Observations Division, Observations Department JMA

Recent Disaster Distribution ( ) Severe Weather in JAPAN - torrential downpour / typhoon - - torrential downpour / typhoon - 1 hour precipitation accumulation Precipitation at Nagoya, 2000 Landslide Flood Violent Wind

Overview of the Observational Systems in JMA JMA Weather forecast Advisory Warning etc. Disaster managers TV stations private weather associations the nation Disaster managers TV stations private weather associations the nation Surface Observation Upper-air Observations Weather Radar Lightning Monitoring Meteorological Satellite GPS Observation Doppler Lidar

Observatories 156 〇, ＋, 〇 AWS 1042 ( 〇 rainfall, temperature, wind, sunshine 476) ( ＋ rainfall, temperature, wind, sunshine, snowfall 210) ( 〇 rainfall 356) Surface Observation Network Observatory Automated Weather Station Each stations locate in intervals of about 17km. Center System (JMA Headquarters) every 10sec every 10min AWS Upgrade to observe maximum instantaneous wind speed to monitor typhoon or gusty wind

JMA Headquarters (Tokyo) QC / QA(real-time) numeric ranges, intra-consistency checks, to add the quality flag to the datum AWS Data Collection Server GTS Users JMA Computer System for Meteorological Services Data Sharing/Storage Server Web Server observations entered manually (visibility, weather, etc) Data statistics/archive systemData collection/processing system data processing data dissemination Users (Organizations, NMHSs) data dissemination (Publication, CD-ROM, Internet, etc) data archive data statistics SYNOP BUFR CLIMAT JMA users QC /QA(non- real-time) spatial consistency, time-series consistency, climate range checks Observatories (unmanned) Public QC / HK

Upper-air Observation Network 16 (Average interval = 350km) 31 (Average interval = 110km) Wind Profiler (31) GPS Radiosonde (16) Automatic Balloon Launcher (8) Matsue Kushiro 6

Data Flow in Soundings of JMA CONTROL CENTER （ JMA HQ ） At CONTROLCENTER ・ Quality control of data ・ Remote-controlling of ABL. SHIONOMISAKI WAJIMA KUSHIRO MINAMIDAITO JIMA HACHIJYOUJIMA MATSUE NAZE Ishigakijima To JMA HQ ・ Sounding data ・ Status data To Sites ・ Control command Manned launched site WAKKNAISAPPOROAKITATATENOFUKUOKA KAGOSHIMACHICHIJIMA MINAMI TORISIMA DATA Forecast Made for each models For weather watches For numerical weather prediction models Data Strage Global Telecommunication System WEB Contents ABL sites MBL sites

Radome type Radome Data flow and QC of Wind Profiler Standard type 40 N 30 N 140 E130 E CONTROL CENTER （ JMA Headquarters ） QC at site ground clutter removal spectrum width check migrating bird removal precipitation effect removal at Center quadric surface check vertical shear check manual ch ec k every 10min JMA is preparing WPR guidance material as IOM publication

Correlation of u- and v- component measurements for the wind profiler and the rawinsonde, both located at Hachijyojima in Comparison of Rawinsonde and Wind Profiler Measurements Differences between wind profiler and rawinsonde wind component measurements (N=7514). u-component: avg m/s std. 2.13m/s v-component: avg m/s std. 2.06m/s

10 GEONET (GPS Earth Observation NETwork) AMeDAS (AWS) GEONET is comprised of about 1200 GPS observation sites installed by the Geographical Survey Institute, Japan. The main purpose of GEONET is observing crustal movement with earthquakes. GPS Precipitable Water Observation

3-hour cumulative rainfall predicted by JMA’s 5-km MSM Impact of GPS precipitable water on NWP

12 Radar Data Flow Radar Data Control Center Radar Data Quality Assured 3-D Reflectivity Data Messocale Numerical Model Nationwide Radar Composite Map Rain gauge data by AWS Precipitaion Nowcasting Radar- raingauge Composite Map Short-term Precipitation Forecasting Every 30 minutes up to next 1 hour up to next 6 hours Non-hydrostatic 5 km Model operated every 3 hours Every 5minutes Rainfall intensity Rainfall Quality Assured 3-D Doppler Velocity Data Data assimilation using 4D-VAR Tornado Nowcasting Straightforward extrapolation Hazardous wind occurrence probability up to next 1hour Lightning Nowcasting Lightning activity up to next 1hour

Sample of Lightning and Tornado Nowcast After 1h Lightning Nowcast After 1h Tornado Nowcast Current Situation

Summary  Most of the observational systems are remotely monitored and controled by central system and whole data are gathered to the central system.  QC / QA is important and JMA combines several method to keep data quality.  AWS improved to output maximum instantaneous wind speed.  All radiosonde systems are upgraded to GPS sonde. JMA operates 8 ABL, HGS and 8 normal radiosonde system.  JMA has stably operated 31 WPR for 10 years. JMA is now preparing WPR guidance material as IOM.  GPS precipitable water data are routinely used in NWP.  16 radars out of 20 radars are upgraded to Doppler radar. Doppler velocity data are utilized in NWP and monitoring tornadoes. Radar data are also utilized for lightning and tornado nowcasting.

Thank you !

Surface observation data incorporated in the upper air report GPS satellite signal Radiosonde signal TEMP message Ascent data (PTU,Wind) Descent data （ PTU,Location ） Data Storage Server QC / QA (non-real-time) GTS JMA Headquarters (Tokyo) Calculate of observation ( including quality control procedures such as gross error checks ) Radiosonde stations (16) Users JMA Computer System for Meteorological Services Data Statistics/Archive System QC / QA (non-real-time) CLIMAT TEMP A/N Report (for domestic use) Radiosonde Data Flow 16

Wind Profiler in JMA17 Example of migrating-birds echo Fukui (47616) 19 NOV 2002 Height (km) wind Time (JST)

18 Wind Profiler Data Flow Horizontal and vertical components of wind and signal intensity being sent with BUFR code every 1 hour 10 minute values of Doppler velocity and signal intensity being sent every 10 minutes Hourly analysis made with Meso-scale model Wind profiler data C O S M E T S （ JMA Central Computer ） CONTROL CENTER （ JMA Headquarters ） Profiler-3 Every 1 hour Ever ｙ 1 hour 10 minute data being sent every 1 hour Data quality control and remote control of profilers being made WINDAS Profiler-2 Profiler-1 Profiler-31 Profiler-30 Forecast made with Meso-scale model N A P S ADESS GTS

Nationwide Radar Composite Map Low-Altitude reflectivity of each Radar Quality Control Calibration Combining (Maximum) Nationwide Radar Echo Composite Data Z-R Conversion (Z=200B 1.6 ) Calibration Factor of each Radar Composite Processing Radar-AMeDAS Processing