LINDSAY MYERS DR. LEVON ESTERS DR. RENEE MCKEE DR. MARK TUCKER Acculturation Orientations of 4-H Adult Volunteers Toward Minorities

Introduction Acculturation 4-H Youth Development View of the host society Immigration A better understanding of the acculturation orientations of the host culture could be useful in the prevention of relational outcomes from being conflictual and problematic to being more consensual and harmonious ( Bourhis, Moise, Perreault & Senecal, 1997) Focusing on youth development can overcome social issues (Rodriguez & Morrobel, 2004) A host society has specific ideas about how they want to interact with immigrants and about how they want the immigrants to behave (Berry, 1990; LaFromboise, Coleman, & Gerton, 1993; Ward, 1996). Widespread movement of people that inevitably brings groups into contact with one another (Sam & Berry, 2010; Zagefka & Brown, 2002)

What is Acculturation? OrientationCharacteristics Integration High Maintain High Adopt Assimilation Low Maintain High Adopt Marginalization Low Maintain Low Adopt Separation High Maintain Low Adopt Maintain= maintain original cultural values Adopt= adopt mainstream cultural values

4-H Youth Development Largest youth development organization “Learn by doing” approach 109 Land-grant universities in the Cooperative Extension System Indiana 4-H Program  2012 Report  13,640 adult volunteers  2,063 organized 4-H clubs 62,564 4-H members

Literature Review Non-Hispanic white population will remain the largest group, but will no longer be the majority (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012) Diversity of the U.S. Must build relationships and trust within Hispanic community (Farner, Cutz, Farner, Seibold, & Abuchar, 2006; Lippert, 2009; Behnke, 2008; Hobbs, 2004) Create a separate 4-H program for minority groups while also maintaining the “traditional” 4-H group (Farner, Rhoads, Cutz, & Farner, 2005; Lippert, 2009; Hobbs, 2004) Many minority populations remain underserved by land-grant universities (Ibarra, 2001; Ingram, 2005) Diversity Research within Extension Acculturation

Purpose and Research Questions To explore the acculturation orientations of 4-H adult volunteers toward minorities 1. What are the acculturation orientations of 4-H adult volunteers toward minorities? 2. How do 4-H adult volunteers’ desired choice of minority acculturation strategies compare to their perception of currently adopted acculturation strategies of minorities? 3. Are there differences among 4-H adult volunteers’ acculturation orientations across each domain?

Conceptual Framework Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM) (Navas et al., 2005)

Domains of RAEM

Participants 2,495 4-H adult volunteers with a valid address in the database system 2 counties per Area  Total of 20 counties Convenience Sample  4-H Educator currently employed  Both rural and urban/suburban

Instrumentation Online Questionnaire via Qualtrics ®  Adapted from Acculturation Scale (Navas et al., 2005)  67 items total  Demographics, 15 items  5 point Likert-type scale  (Not at all, A little, Somewhat, Mostly, A lot) Field test was conducted in Tippecanoe County  Completed by 66 4-H adult volunteers (56%)  Revisions were made based off feedback from field test participants

Instrumentation Domain Items Measuring Each Domain Work Occupations Work schedules Language spoken in the workplace Economic Spending habits Managing income Social Relations Friendships Social networks maintained Family Relations Marital relationships Relationships with their children Religious Beliefs Religious beliefs Religious practices Principles & Values Principles and values Ways of thinking

Data Collection Sent via from 4-H Educator to their volunteers Modified Dillman Approach (2007)  Total of 5 s sent to the volunteers 1,253 4-H adult volunteers completed the questionnaire (50.2%)  1,197 questionnaires were utilized for the demographic analysis  1,035 questionnaires were utilized for the RQ data analysis  36 questionnaires were eliminated based off of the self reported race and ethnicity being anything other than white, non-Hispanic  Must have completed 1/3 of the items

Data Analysis Research QuestionStatistical Analysis 1. What are the acculturation orientations of 4-H adult volunteers toward minorities? Means, Standard Deviations, Frequencies, and Percentages 2. How do 4-H adult volunteers’ desired choice of minority acculturation strategies compare to their perception of currently adopted acculturation strategies of minorities? One Sample T-Test 3. Are there differences among 4-H adult volunteers’ acculturation orientations across each domain? Frequencies and Percentages

Data Analysis OrientationCharacteristics Integration High Maintain High Adopt Assimilation Low Maintain High Adopt Marginalization Low Maintain Low Adopt Separation High Maintain Low Adopt

Demographics of Participants CategoryResponsef% GenderMale Female Primary Role4-H Club Leader H Project Leader H Resource Volunteer H Council Representative H Fair Association Member383.2 State/National 4-H Committee Member5.4 Spokesperson/Advocate for 4-H231.9 Gender N = 1197 Primary Role N = 1191

RQ1: Acculturation Orientations of 4-H Adult Volunteers Orientationf% Integration Assimilation Marginalization Separation Integration/Separation Separation/Marginalization Marginalization/Assimilation Assimilation/Integration Neutral Total N 832

RQ 2: Differences Among Real and Ideal Situations

RQ 3: Differences Between Domains

Post Hoc Factor Analysis & Reliability Statistics Real SituationIdeal Situation MaintainAdoptMaintainAdopt Factor Factor 1Factor 2Factor 3Factor 4Factor 5Factor 6Factor 7Factor 8 Number of Items Reliability Variance Explained Eigen Value Loading Range

Conclusion for Research Question 1 Largest percentage of volunteers adopted the Integration orientation  44.5% Second largest percentage of volunteers adopted the Separation orientation  23.0%

Conclusion for Research Question 2 Within the Real Situation, Integration was most commonly adopted in all domains except Economic Within the Ideal Situation, Integration was most commonly preferred in all domains

Conclusion for Research Question 3 Real Situation  Family Relations (34.1%)  Social Relations (32.9%)  Religious Beliefs (32.1%)  Work (32.0%)  Principles & Values (28.3%)  Economic (23.6%) Ideal Situation  Family Relations (38.9%)  Social Relations (34.9%)  Principles & Values (34.5%)  Religious Beliefs (32.7%)  Work (31.9%)  Economic (29.9%) Highest Integration Adoption Frequency

Implications for Theory and Research Differences found among the Real and Ideal Situation support the importance of measuring acculturation orientations within the two areas. Differences found among the 6 domains support the importance of measuring acculturation orientations within each domain. The EFA indicated that 2 major factors were identified for each situation (i.e. Real & Ideal)  External Domains  Internal Domains

Implications for Practice 44.5% of volunteers would be open and willing to work with youth and adults from diverse backgrounds. In the 4-H program, this may mean having one program that everyone, regardless of their cultural background, may participate in. 23.0% of volunteers who adopted the Separation orientation would prefer that minorities have a separate program from the traditional 4-H program. It is important that the host culture views members of the minority culture as valuable additions to the 4-H program

Recommendations for Future Research This study focused on just the host majority perspectives. In order to predict outcomes that may occur from multi-group interactions, the minority perspective must also be taken into account. Future research should measure the acculturation orientations of minority group members. Future research should conduct a data analysis procedure to determine if a demographic variable correlates with the various acculturation orientations adopted by participants.

REFERENCES AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST Acculturation Orientations of 4-H Adult Volunteers Toward Minorities