 Sparta was dominated by the military  Military power was a way to best offer protection to the city-state  Daily life revolved around the concepts of the military

 Every baby boy was inspected at birth; if unhealthy he was taken outside the city and left to die  Healthy boys were trained from a young age to be soldiers Physically trained – jumped, swam, threw javelins Mentally/Emotionally trained – not given shoes or heavy clothes, not given a lot of food, allowed to steal to teach them to make their own way, but if caught they were whipped Courage & strength were more important than safety Believed in discipline & obedience From ages 20 to 30 they lived in barracks, away from family They stayed in the army until they were 60

 Because men were often away from the home, the women were given more rights than typical women of their time Some women could own land Did NOT spin cloth or weave – they left such work to the slaves Also received physical training Run, jump, wrestle, throw javelins Believed that physical strength would help them bear healthy children

 Two kings who jointly led the army  Elected officials held more power than the kings because they ran the daily activities of Spartan life  System was set up to control the helots, or slaves, to prevent rebellions

 Main rival of Sparta  Had military strength, but valued education

 Physically trained like Spartan boys (similar)  However, they only had to be in the army for two years from 18 to 20 years old & older men only had to serve in times of war (different)  Learned to read, write, count, sing, play music  Studied history and literature  Rich families had their sons tutored in philosophy, geometry, & astronomy  Taught how to speak in public  Boys from poor families received less education, but could still read and write; they usually became farmers or craftspeople

 Girls received NO education  Learned household tasks like weaving and sewing  Women had few rights Could not serve in the government (assemblies, voting, or juries) Could not leave their homes except for special occasions Could not buy anything or own property Could not disobey their husbands or fathers

 Many city-states had formed alliances after they worked together during the Persian Wars  Athens used their powerful army and control of the sea to “bully” the other city-states  Sparta, with their own alliances with city- states, declared war on Athens to stop their ongoing growth and power

 The Peloponnesian War was a war between Athens and Sparta that threatened to tear Greece apart  For 10 years the soldiers battled with no side ever really winning  Finally agreed to a truce  A few years later, Athens tried to overtake the island of Sicily, but lost with the help of Spartan allies  Sparta took this advantage and went to war again with Athens, cutting off their food supply  Athens surrendered because they were starving

 Sparta became the most powerful city-state until, AGAIN, other city-states started to fight for more control  War continued among the city-states and weakened the country of Greece

 The Arts  Still admired today & hang in museums around the world  Carved statues out of marble and stone; studied the body carefully and wanted to depict people as beautiful and in-motion  Paintings show realism and detail; show detailed scenes from myths or competitions, most popular colors are black and red

 Architecture still exists today They took great care in the design of their buildings Built great temples with huge columns One of the greatest temples was the Parthenon, a temple to Athena  Created drama, or plays, to honor the gods during religious ceremonies Tragedies – described hardships faced by Greek heroes Comedies – made fun of people and ideas  First people to write about history & the lessons people could learn from the past

 Philosophy  Philosopher – believed in the power of the human mind to think, explain, and understand life  Moved away from mythology explaining events and tried to gain understanding from a new perspective  Socrates Believed that people should NEVER stop looking for knowledge Encouraged people to learn by asking questions People believed him to be questioning the gods authority, so he was sentenced to death; drank poison

 Plato Student of Socrates Created a school for people to discuss ideas Wrote The Republic about his ideal (perfect) society where there was justice and everyone was treated fairly  Aristotle Student of Plato Believed in living in moderation and balance Believed in reason, or clear and ordered thinking – Think about your actions & how it will affect others Also believed in logic – using the facts that you have to figure out new facts

 SCIENCE  Euclid – studied math & geometry, many of his work is still used in textbooks and classrooms today  Another mathematician accurately calculated the size of the Earth  Studied human body to treat diseases  Hippocrates – had a set idea of how doctors and medical professionals should behave; today we have the Hippocratic Oath  Archimedes – invented a way to irrigate crops using a water screw, which brings water from lower fields to the upper fields  Other inventions: puppets, coin-operated machines, & mechanical toys