U.S HISTORY Standard 4 review

The student will demonstrate an understanding of the industrial development and the consequences of that development on society and politics during the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. USHC-4

Summarize the impact that government policy and the construction of the transcontinental railroads had on the development of the national market and on the culture of Native American peoples. USHC 4.1

Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad Railroad’s Impact on Business Action Impact Acquisition of Western lands Railroads move to build Transcontinental Railroad Government Policies that aided railroad construction 1. Land Grants Subsidies For the Railroads… Cheap land  Cheap money

Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad Railroad’s Impact on Business Action Impact  Building the Transcontinental Railroad Rise of new industries 1. Coal 2. Steel 3. Lumber 4. Railroad Cars 5. Meatpacking New industries Rise of the national market

Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad Railroads Impact on Native Americans Action Impact Acquisition of Western lands Reservation system Transcontinental Railroad Assimilation of the Native Americans

Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad Railroads Impact on Native Americans Action Impact Arrival of Western Settlers Accelerate assimilation through Severalty Destruction of the Indian Reservation System Land is divided among Native American Families

Analyze the factors that influenced the economic growth of the United States and its emergence as an industrial power, including the abundance of natural resources; government support and protection in the form of railroad subsidies, tariffs, and labor policies; and the expansion of international markets. USHC-4.2

Factors that Influenced U.S. Economic Growth ACTION IMPACT Natural Resources 1.iron ore 2.coal 3.lumber Building of the Transcontinental Railroad. RAW materials for Industry Government Support Subsidies to RAILROADS   Free LAND to settlers Cheap LOANS to Railroad Companies Westward MIGRATION PROTECTIVE Tariff HIGH tariffs on imports Protected AMERICAN industry from foreign COMPETITION

Factors that Influenced U.S. Economic Growth ACTION IMPACT Labor Policy RELAXED immigration policies   Government BREAKS UP strikes ABUNDANCE of labor Protect the BUSINESS owners Development of International Markets Expansion into the PACIFIC Annexation of HAWAII Spanish American WAR New MARKETS to sell U.S. markets

Evaluate the role of capitalism and its impact on democracy, including the ascent of new industries, the increasing availability of consumer goods and the rising standard of living, the role of entrepreneurs, the rise of business through monopoly and the influence of business ideologies. USHC-4.3

Rise of Entrepreneurs and Big Business Entrepreneurs used new TECHNOLOGY and business TACTICS to create corporations that controlled their industry. Rise of Entrepreneurs and Big Business

How They Made Their Money Coke fields Iron ore deposits Steel mills Ships Railroads purchased by Carnegie Andrew CARNEGIE Business US STEEL VERTICAL Integration Controlling all aspects of production Tactics Used: PURCHASED MINES PURCHASED RAILROADS CREATED A MONOPOLY

How They Made Their Money John ROCKEFELLER Business STANDARD OIL HORIZONTAL Integration “Buying Out the Competition” Tactics Used KICKBACKS REBATES UNDERCUT THE COMPETITION

Monopolies Vertical Integration You control all phases of production from the raw material to the finished product Coke fields Iron ore deposits Steel mills Ships Railroads purchased by Carnegie Horizontal Integration Buy out your competition until you have control of a single area of industry

How They Made Their Money Justified by : SOCIAL DARWINISM survival of the fittest in the business world LAISSEZ FAIRE “hands off” the economy by the government

How They Made Their Money Impact: INCREASE in the availability of consumer goods Increase in the U.S. STANDARD of living Creation of business MONOPOLIES New INDUSTRIES

Explain the impact of industrial growth and business cycles on farmers, workers, immigrants, labor unions, and the Populist movement and the ways that these groups and the government responded to the economic problems caused by industry and business USHC-4.4

Impact of Industrial Growth Farmers Problem Action 1. Over-PRODUCTION    2. Falling PRICES 3. Farm MORTGAGED Organize POLITICALLY   Regulate RAILROADS Granger Laws Interstate COMMERCE Act Increase the supply of MONEY Bimetallism Creation of the POPULIST Party

Goals of the Populists Graduated INCOME tax Secret BALLOT Popular Election of SENATORS 8-hour work day Regulation of RAILROADS

PIVITOL POINT Election of 1896 William Jennings Bryan’s CROSS of Gold speech….. Protect the FARMERS REPUBLICANS WIN

Support the POPULIST party Labor Problems Action Long HOURS UNSAFE conditions Low WAGES ABUNDANCE of labor Support the POPULIST party   Formation of LABOR unions

First Labor Unions   1.KNIGHTS OF LABOR 2.A.F.L.

Weapons of Labor   1. STRIKE 2. COLLECTIVE bargaining    3. CLOSED Shop Weapons of Business 1. YELLOW dog contracts 2. Hire SCABS 3. LOCKouts 4. BLACKlists

SENT TROOPS IN TO STOP THE STRIKE Great Strikes Railroad Strike of 1877 Causes WAGES CUT Results SENT TROOPS IN TO STOP THE STRIKE SET PRECEDENT

TURNED PUBLIC OPINON AGAINST KNIGHTS OF LABOR Great Strikes Haymarket Strike Causes RADICALS SET OFF BOMB Results TURNED PUBLIC OPINON AGAINST KNIGHTS OF LABOR

SENT TROOPS TO STOP THE STRIKE Great Strikes Pullman Strike Causes WORKERS STRIKE PULLMAN CLOSED PLANT Results SENT TROOPS TO STOP THE STRIKE

Explain the causes and effects of urbanization in late nineteenth-century America, including the movement from farm to city, the changing immigration patterns, the rise of ethnic neighborhoods, the role of political machines, and the migration of African Americans to the North, Midwest, and West. USHC-4.5

Immigration and Urbanization In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the United States was flooded with millions of “New Immigrants” from SOUTHERN and EASTERN EUROPE Cites in the north were also flooded with FREED men from the South that moved North looking for economic opportunities

Resentment of New Immigrants They didn’t understand ENGLISH. Their home countries lacked traditions of DEMOCRATIC government. Resentment of New Immigrants Their religions (CATHOLIC, JEW, BUDDHIST) were largely alien to native born Americans They provided a steady supply of CHEAP LABOR, which undermined efforts by labor unions to get better wages.

Resentment of New Immigrants In most cases, immigrants were too POOR to move beyond coastal cities, leading to the rise of densely populated ETHNIC neighborhoods. Immigrants relied on POLITICAL machines, led by party bosses, to help them find jobs.

Compare the accomplishments and limitations of the women’s suffrage movement and the Progressive Movement in affecting social and political reforms in America, including the roles of the media and of reformers such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Jane Addams, and presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. USHC-4.6

Progressive Movement Jane Adams Started the HULL House to help immigrant families

Progressive Movement Teddy Roosevelt Progressive President “TRUST Buster” “SQUARE Deal” Broke up trusts and unfair business practices Pure Created the FDA: FOOD and DRUG Act MEAT Inspection Act Prompted by Upton Sinclair’s publication: The Jungle COAL Strike Used the MILITARY to end a strike Conservation: NATIONAL PARKS

Woodrow Wilson CLAYTON Antitrust Act Strengthened the provisions of the Sherman Antitrust Act Federal RESERVE Act A central BANKING system created to regulate the MONETARY supply and INTERESTS RATES

Jacob Riis author of How the Other Half Lives exposed the poor conditions in urban TENAMENTS (low-rent apartments) and SWEATSHOPS, where immigrants performed cheap labor

Progressive Amendments 16th GRADUATED INCOME TAX  17TH DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS   18TH PROHIBITION  19th WOMAN’S SUFFRAGE