Perception Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-1 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Factors Influencing Perception Perceptual Errors Perception Defined Factors Influencing Perception Perceptual Errors Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-2 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

What is Perception A multistage process that takes place in the BRAIN. It includes Selection Processing Organization Integration of Information received from the SENSES Knowledge Needs Beliefs Values Assumptions Attitudes. Selective Organization Interpretation Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-3 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Perception What Is Perception? Why Is It Important? The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Why Is It Important? Because people’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-4 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Purpose of Perception Process Simplify information for processing 2. Decrease distress/discomfort from particular stimuli. Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

What influences perception? Cognitive functions Personality Past experiences Education Gender, age, ethnicity, culture Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Senses Sight - Visual Hearing - Auditory Smell - Olfactory Taste Touch - Tactile Kinesthetic Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Factors that Influence Perception The Perceiver The Target The Situation Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-8 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Factors That Influence Perception 5-1 E X H I B I T Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-9 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

The Perceptual Process Environmental Stimuli Perceptual Organization Smelling Tasting Feeling Hearing Seeing Individual’s Values and Beliefs Selective Attention Perceptual Organization Emotions and Behavior Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada From “Self Awareness” by McShane & Von Glinow, Organizational Behavior

What’s the difference? Sensation Interaction between the body-environment the reception of physical stimulation. Use of specialized cells. Perception our interpretation active decoding process influenced by experience thoughts beliefs... Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-11 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Perception and human cognition Week 2 Week 1 Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-12 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

What is Risk Perception? Process of determining likelihood and severity of injury Determined by availability of risk in memory Behavior is determined by perceived rather than actual risk Risk Tolerance – Is the subjective level of acceptable risk Hazard – Is a condition or set of circumstances that has the potential of causing harm or contributing to injury, illness, or property damage Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-13 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Factors Influencing Risk Perception Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-14 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Factors Influencing Risk Perception Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-15 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Perceptual Errors Attribution Theory Selective Perception Halo Effect Contrast Effects Projection Stereotyping Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-16 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Attribution Theory When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Distinctiveness Does the individual act the same way in other situations? Consensus Does the individual act the same as others in same situation? Consistency Does the individual act the same way over time? Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-17 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Attribution Theory Fundamental Attribution Error Self-Serving Bias The tendency to underestimate external factors and overestimate internal factors when making judgments about others’ behaviour. Self-Serving Bias The tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-18 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Attribution Theory Observation Interpretation Attribution of cause External High (Seldom) Lo w (Frequently) Internal r na l Individual behaviour Distinctiveness (How often does the person do this in other situations?) Consensus (How often do other people do this in similar situations?) Consistency (How often did the the past?) (Frequently) Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-19 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Perceptual Errors Selective Perception Halo Effect Contrast Effects People selectively interpret what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes. Halo Effect Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic. Contrast Effects A person’s evaluation is affected by comparisons with other individuals recently encountered. Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-20 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

Perceptual Errors Projection Stereotyping Prejudice Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people. Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of your perception of the group to which that person belongs. Prejudice An unfounded dislike of a person or group based on their belonging to a particular stereotyped group. Chapter 2, Nancy Langton and Stephen P. Robbins, Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition 2-21 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada