MUGHAL EMPIRE

 1526–1857  Mogul (also Moghul) Empire  imperial power in the Indian subcontinent Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinent  The Mughal emperors were Muslims and direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan Mughal emperorsGenghis Khan Chagatai KhanMughal emperorsGenghis Khan Chagatai Khan  height of their power, late 17th and early 18th centuries  controlled most of the subcontinent  The "classic period" of the empire started in 1556 with the accession of Akbar the Great Akbar the GreatAkbar the Great  Under his rule, India enjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well as religious harmony between Muslims and Hindus.  Founder of Mughal Dynasty was Babur, 1526  Another important emperor, Shah Jahan

 Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor Shah Jahan Shah Jahan  golden age of Mughal architecture Mughal architectureMughal architecture  Taj Mahal at Agra Taj MahalAgra Taj MahalAgra  Jama Masjid of Delhi Jama Masjid of Delhi Jama Masjid of Delhi

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION  The scientific revolution was the dawning of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature modern scienceearly modern periodmathematicsphysics astronomybiologymedicinechemistry modern scienceearly modern periodmathematicsphysics astronomybiologymedicinechemistry  End of Renaissance to 18 century  the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) and Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human body) – BEGINNING! Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Andreas VesaliusDe humani corporis fabricaNicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Andreas VesaliusDe humani corporis fabrica

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION  NICHOLAS COPERNICUS  1473 – 1543  PRUSSIA, KINGDOM OF POLAND  Renaissance mathematician and astronomer; POLYMATH Renaissancemathematicianastronomer Renaissancemathematicianastronomer  heliocentric model which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center of the universe heliocentricmodeluniverse heliocentricmodeluniverse  major event in the history of science history of sciencehistory of science  began the Copernican Revolution and contributed importantly to the rise of the ensuing Scientific Revolution Copernican RevolutionScientific RevolutionCopernican RevolutionScientific Revolution

GALILEO GALILEI   PISA, FLORENCE, ITALY  Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution physicistmathematicianastronomerphilosopherScientific RevolutionphysicistmathematicianastronomerphilosopherScientific Revolution  improvements to the telescope telescope  "father of modern observational astronomy“ observational astronomyobservational astronomy  "father of modern physics“ physics  "father of science“  "the Father of Modern Science“  the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour JupiterGalilean moons JupiterGalilean moons  observation and analysis of sunspots sunspots  improved military compass and other instruments military compassmilitary compass  heliocentrism was controversial within his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism entrism geocentrismentrism geocentrism

JOHANNES KEPLER   German mathematician, astronomer mathematician astronomermathematician astronomer  key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution scientific revolutionscientific revolution  laws of planetary motion laws of planetary motion laws of planetary motion  provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation Isaac Newton universal gravitationIsaac Newton universal gravitation

ISAAC NEWTON   English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian physicist mathematician astronomernatural philosopheralchemisttheologianphysicist mathematician astronomernatural philosopheralchemisttheologian  considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived

 Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687 Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica  PRINCIPIA, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics classical mechanicsclassical mechanics  universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries universal gravitationthe three laws of motion universal gravitationthe three laws of motion  motion of objects on Earth and that of celestial bodies is governed by the same set of natural laws: by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation he removed the last doubts about heliocentrism and advanced the scientific revolution celestialKepler's laws of planetary motionheliocentrism scientific revolutioncelestialKepler's laws of planetary motionheliocentrism scientific revolution

 ALEXANDER POPE, FAMOUS BRITISH POET SAID OF NEWTON:  Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night; God said "Let Newton be" and all was light.  NEWTON SAID OF HIMSELF:  If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. standing on the shoulders of giantsstanding on the shoulders of giants