Human Geography AP Review Important Concepts and People – Part 2

Migration - Movement Cyclical – To home and back; Commuting; Nomadism – Activity Space Periodic – Longer periods of time; Migrant labor; Military Migration – Permanent relocation – Rural to Urban – International

Migration Voluntary v. Involuntary Push/Pull Factors Regions of dislocation – SE Asia – SW Asia – Subsaharan Africa Refugees

Migration – Ravenstien’s Laws Most migrants move only a short distance – Step Migration – Intervening Opportunities Migrants that move greater distances tend to go to cities Migration flows produce counterflows – Sequent occupance Most international migrants are young males

Chain Migration Link 1: Immigrant arrives in new place Link 2: Encourages family and friends to come Link 3: Others in home community have place to go Link 4: New community is created in new land Link 5: Process reinforced in “ virtuous cycle ”

Culture Pop Culture Universal/Global Dynamic Mass produced Commercial Local Culture Regional/Local Slow to change Locally consumed Authentic Urban City-based Ethnic enclaves Social groups Rural (Folk) Traditional “Tribal” Isolated

Culture Terms Culture hearth – Region where a cultural trait or innovation originates Culture trait – A single element or normal practice of a culture – Material; non-material – Artifacts; mentifacts Culture complex – A related set of cultural traits (e.g., ways of eating)

Culture Terms Adoption – Choosing to include a trait developed elsewhere in one’s own culture Appropriation – Adopting a cultural trait, but using it in the wrong context or for the wrong purpose Assimilation – When one culture replaces another (e.g., Native Americans)

US Housing Styles Saltbox/Cape Cod – New England Colonial – Mid-Atlantic Tidewater – Southeast Ranch – West

Identity Social Constructions – Race Discrimination; segregation – Gender Gendered-spaces Ethnicity – Ethnic enclaves Sexuality – Castro

Language Language v. Dialect – Cantonese v. American English Lingua Franca – English in India Creole – Mixture of two languages - Haitian Pidgin – Rudimentary trade language

Language Families Proto-Language –Sub-Family Branch –Language Uralic –Finno-Ugric Ugric –Hungarian Indo-European Uralic Altaic Sino-Tibetan Afro-Asiatic Niger-Congo Austronesian

Religion - Types Monotheistic – Single supreme deity Polytheistic – Multiple deities Animistic – Spirits in natural world Universalizing – Actively seek converts – Open to all – Proselytize Ethnic religion – Focused on a particular group or people

Religion & Space

Political Geography Nation – People with shared history and culture – The Kurds State – Defined territory; government; population – Brazil Nation-State – State & nation occupy same space – Japan

Richard Hartshorne (1950s) Forces at work that affect success of state Centripetal forces – Unify a state Centrifugal forces – Break a state apart

Immanuel Wallerstein (1987) Capitalist World Systems Theory In a capitalist world you will have three tiers of states: – Core Greater wealth; high technology – Periphery Poor; low technology – Core exploits periphery

Friedrich Ratzel ( ) Organic Theory State is like an organism – Requires nourishment to prolong existence Expand or die

Sir Halford Mackinder ( ) Heartland Theory Land power is important, not sea power World Island – Eurasia Pivot Area – Heartland (Russia/Central Asia) – Rimland (Europe/East Asia)