Presentation Slides for Chapter 15 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Particle Fall through the atmosphere
Advertisements

I.Dalton’s Law A.The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressures each gas would exert independently 1.P total = P 1 + P 2 + …
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Lecture 15: Capillary motion
Any Gas….. 4 Uniformly fills any container 4 Mixes completely with any other gas 4 Exerts pressure on its surroundings.
3. The Motion of Particles Drag force d particle diameter V flow velocity Spherical particle, Re < 1 Drag coefficient A projected area.
Convection.
Presentation Slides for Chapter 13 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
Collective behaviour of large systems
Introduction to Mass Transfer
Chemistry 232 Transport Properties.
Correction to Phys Phenom I slides Movement in electric fields Movement in thermal fields Physical phenomena II.
Lecture 1710/12/05. 2 closed 1.0 L vessels contain 1 atm Br 2 (g) and 1 atm F 2 (g), respectively. When they are allowed to mix, they react to form BrF.
Interfacial transport So far, we have considered size and motion of particles In above, did not consider formation of particles or transport of matter.
Chapter 9 Solids and Fluids (c).
Lecture 11: Growth of Cloud Droplet in Warm Clouds
CHE/ME 109 Heat Transfer in Electronics
Fluctuations and Brownian Motion 2  fluorescent spheres in water (left) and DNA solution (right) (Movie Courtesy Professor Eric Weeks, Emory University:
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006 Class 15 1 Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics Transport Processes.
Kelvin Effect: Physical Cartoon Equilibrium vapor pressure is higher over a curved surface than a flat one. Important for nucleation of new particles,
Coagulation - definitions
Viscosity. Average Speed The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a function of the particle speed. The average speed follows from integration.  Spherical.
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Presentation Slides for Chapter 16 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
Presentation Slides for Chapter 19 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
Mixtures of Gases Dalton's law of partial pressure states: –the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the.
Presentation Slides for Chapter 5 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
Dispersed Systems FDSC Version. Goals Scales and Types of Structure in Food Surface Tension Curved Surfaces Surface Active Materials Charged Surfaces.
Statistics of Size distributions The “moments” will come in when you do area, volume distributions We also define “effective areal” diameter and “effective.
Prentice Hall © 2003Chapter 10. Prentice Hall © 2003Chapter 10 Look here tomorrow after Period 5 for a link for your class work from the Gas Laws Packet.
Particle Aerodynamics S+P Chap 9. Need to consider two types of motion Brownian diffusion – thermal motion of particle, similar to gas motions. –Direction.
Resistance In Fluid Systems 4.2. Define Drag For a solid object moving through a fluid or gas, drag is the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic.
Atkins’ Physical Chemistry Eighth Edition Chapter 21 – Lecture 1 Molecules in Motion Copyright © 2006 by Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula Peter Atkins Julio.
Potential Energy and Conservative Forces
Chapter 21: Molecules in motion
Presentation Slides for Chapter 3 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
Chapter 21: Molecules in motion Diffusion: the migration of matter down a concentration gradient. Thermal conduction: the migration of energy down a temperature.
Presentation Slides for Chapter 20 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
1) Gases are highly compressible An external force compresses the gas sample and decreases its volume, removing the external force allows the gas.
Presentation Slides for Chapter 7 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
Fluid Resistance.
CALCULATIONS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
200 Physics Concepts from Delores Gende Website
Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT re-arrange n V = P RT n = molar mass (g/mol) mol gas= mass gas (g) mass of sample V x molar mass = P RT = density mass V density.
حرارة وديناميكا حرارية
Chapter 101 Gases. 2 Homework: 10.12, 10.28, 10.42, 10.48, 10.54, 10.66,
Quantification of the Infection & its Effect on Mean Fow.... P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi Modeling of Turbulent.
Chapter 16 Kinetic Theory of Gases. Ideal gas model 2 1. Large number of molecules moving in random directions with random speeds. 2. The average separation.
Collisional Processes In chemistry, the rate of 2-body reactions is based on the rate of collisions between the two species times the probability that.
INTRODUCTION TO CONVECTION
Chapter 4.2 Notes Resistance in Fluids. When one solid object slides against another, a force of friction opposes the motion. When one solid object.
2016/1/261 Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab Thermal & Radiometric Forces Thermophoresis: Particle motion in a temperature gradient, from a hotter to.
Tutorial/HW Week #7 WRF Chapters 22-23; WWWR Chapters ID Chapter 14
Kinetic Properties (see Chapter 2 in Shaw, pp ) Sedimentation and Creaming: Stokes’ Law Brownian Motion and Diffusion Osmotic Pressure Next lecture:
Chemistry 232 Transport Properties. Definitions Transport property. The ability of a substance to transport matter, energy, or some other property along.
Prof. Jiakuan Yang Huazhong University of Science and Technology Air Pollution Control Engineering.
MODULE 23 (701) REACTIONS IN SOLUTION: DIFFUSION AND CONDUCTION In the liquid phase, free space is very limited. Each molecule interacts strongly with.
8.4 The Kinetic Molecular Theory and Real Gas Behavior.
Prentice Hall © 2003Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Gases CHEMISTRY The Central Science 9th Edition.
Chapter 5 Gases. Reactions Involving Gases in reactions of gases, the amount of a gas is often given as a volume the ideal gas law allows us to convert.
Reynolds Number (Re) Viscosity: resistance of a liquid to change of form. Inertia: resistance of an object (body) to a change in its state of motion.
10.5 Applications of the Idel Gas Equation
Condensational Growth
Thermal Properties of Matter
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Chapter 21: Molecules in motion
Chapter 5 Gases.
Chapter 5 Gases.
Particle Collection Mechanisms
Presentation transcript:

Presentation Slides for Chapter 15 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Stanford University Stanford, CA March 30, 2005

Coagulation Process by which particles collide and stick together Integro-differential coagulation equation(15.1)

Monomer Size Distribution Fig. 15.1

Coagulation Over Monomer Distribution Coagulation equation over monomer size distribution(15.2) Rewrite in fully implicit finite-difference form(15.3)

Coagulation Over Monomer Distribution Production rate(15.4) Loss rate Rearrange (15.3)(15.5) --> Finite-difference form(15.3)

Semiimplicit Solution Over Monomer Size Distribution Write loss rate in semi-implicit form(15.6) Substitute (15.6) into (15.3)(15.7) Rearrange --> semiimplicit solution(15.8) Treats number correctly but does not conserve volume -->

Semiimplicit Solution Over Monomer Size Distribution Revise to conserve volume, giving up error in number(15.9) where v k,t =  k n k,t

Semiimplicit Solution Over Arbitrary Size Distribution Volume of intermediate particle(15.10) Volume fraction of V i,j partitioned to each model bin k (15.11)

Semiimplicit Solution Over Arbitrary Size Distribution Incorporate fractions into (15.9)(15.12)

Semiimplicit Solution Over Arbitrary Size Distribution Final particle number concentration(15.13) Semiimplicit solution for volume concentration when multiple components(15.14)

Smoluchowski’s (1918) Solution Assumes initial monodisperse size distribution, a monomer size distribution during evolution, and a constant rate coefficient (15.15) Coagulation kernel (rate coefficient) (15.16)

Smoluchowski’s (1918) Solution Fig Comparison of Smoluchowski's solution, an integrated solution, and three semi-implicit solutions dn (No. cm -3 ) / d log 10 D p

Self-Preserving Solution Self-preserving size distribution(15.17) Solution to coagulation over self-preserving distribution (15.18)

Self-Preserving Solution Fig Self-preserving versus semi-implicit solutions dn (No. cm -3 ) / d log 10 D p

Coagulation Over Multiple Structures Fig Internal mixing among three externally-mixed distributions

Coagulation Over Multiple Structures Volume concentration of component q in bin k of distribution N (15.19) N T = number of distributions N B = number of size bins

Coagulation Over Multiple Structures Total volume concentration in bin k of distribution N(15.21) Number concentration in bin k of distribution N(15.22)

Coagulation Over Multiple Structures Volume fraction of coagulated pair partitioned into bin k of distribution N(15.20)

Coagulation Over Multiple Structures Fig dn (No. cm -3 ) / d log 10 D p

Coagulation Over Multiple Structures Fig dn (No. cm -3 ) / d log 10 D p

Coagulation Over Multiple Structures Fig dn (No. cm -3 ) / d log 10 D p

Particle Flow Regimes Knudsen number for air(15.23) Mean free path of an air molecule(15.24) Thermal speed of an air molecule(15.25) Particle Reynolds number(15.26)

Particle Flow Regimes Fig T = 292 K, p a = 999 hPa, and  p = 1.0 g cm -3

Particle Flow Regimes Continuum regime Kn a,i « 1 --> r i » a and particle resistance to motion is due to viscosity of the air. Free molecular regime Kn a,i » 10 --> r i « a and particle resistance to motion is due to inertia of air molecules hit by particles. Example 15.2 T = 288 K r i = 0.1  m --->v a = 4.59 x 10 4 cm s >  a = 1.79 x g cm -1 s >  a = g cm > a = 6.34 x cm --->Kn a,i = > continuum regime

Coagulation Kernel Coagulation kernel (rate coefficient) Brownian diffusion Convective Brownian diffusion enhancement Gravitational collection Turbulent inertial motion Turbulent shear Van der Waals forces Viscous forces Fractal geometry Diffusiophoresis Thermophoresis Electric charge Kernel = product of coalescence efficiency and collision kernel (15.27)

Brownian Diffusion Kernel Brownian motion Irregular motion of particle due to random bombardment by gas molecules Continuum regime Brownian collision kernel (cm 3 partic. s -1 ) (15.28) Particle diffusion coefficient(15.29) Cunningham slip-flow correction to particle resistance to motion (15.30)

Brownian Diffusion Kernel Free molecular regime Brownian collision kernel (cm 3 partic. s -1 ) (15.31) Particle thermal speed(15.32) Interpolate between continuum and free molecular regimes (15.33)

Brownian Diffusion Kernel Mean distance from center of a sphere reached by particles leaving the sphere's surface and traveling a distance p,i (15.34) Particle mean free path (cm)(15.34)

Brownian Diffusion Enhancement Eddies created in the wake of a large, falling particle enhance diffusion to the particle surface Particle Schmidt number(15.36) Brownian diffusion enhancement collision kernel(15.35)

Gravitational Collection Collision and coalescence when one particle falls faster than and catches up with another Collection (coalescence) efficiency(15.38) Differential fall speed collision kernel(15.37) E coll,i,j simplifies to E Vi,j when Re j « 1 (viscous flows) E Ai,j when Re j » 1 (potential flows)

Gravitational Collection Stokes number (15.39) for r j ≥r i

Turbulent Inertia and Shear Collision kernel due to turbulent inertial motion Collision between drops moving relative to air(15.40) Collision kernel due to turbulent shear Collisions due to spatial variations in turbulent velocities of drops moving with air(15.41)  k = dissipation rate of turbulent energy per gram (cm 2 s -3 )

Comparisons of Coagulation Kernels Coagulation kernels when particle of (a) 0.01  m and (b) 10  m in radius coagulate at 298 K. Kernel (cm 3 particle -1 s -1 ) Fig Kernel (cm 3 particle -1 s -1 )

Van der Waals/Viscous Forces Van der Waals forces Weak dipole-dipole attractions caused by brief, local charge fluctuations in nonpolar molecules having no net charge Viscous forces Two particles moving toward each other in viscous medium have diffusion coefficients smaller than the sum of the two Van der Waals/viscous collision kernel(15.42)

Van der Waals/Viscous Forces Free-molecular regime correction(15.43) Free-molecular regime correction(15.44)

Van der Waals/Viscous Forces Van der Waals interaction potential(15.46) Particle pair Knudsen number(15.47)

Van der Waals/Viscous Forces Fig Van der Waals/viscous correction factor Correction factor

Fractal Geometry Fractals Particles of irregular, fragmented shape Number of spherules in aggregate(15.49) Fractal (outer) radius of agglomerate(15.48)

Fractal Geometry Area-equivalent radius(15.51) Mobility radius(15.50)

Fractal Geometry Brownian collision kernel modified for fractals(15.52)

Modified Brownian Collision Kernels Fig Kernel (cm 3 particle -1 s -1 )

Modified Brownian Collision Kernels Fig Kernel (cm 3 particle -1 s -1 )

Effect on Aerosol Evolution Fig dn (No. cm -3 ) / d log 10 D p

Effect on Aerosol Evolution Fig dn (No. cm -3 ) / d log 10 D p

Diffusiophoresis/Thermophoresis/Charge Diffusiophoresis Flow of aerosol particles down concentration gradient of gas due to bombardment of particles by the gas as it diffuses down same gradient Thermophoresis Flow of aerosol particles from warm to cool air due to bombardment of particles by gases in presence of temperature gradient. Electric charge Opposite-charge particles attract due to Coulomb forces

Mobility(15.54) Collision kernel for diffusiophoresis, thermophoresis, charge, other kernels Diffusiophoresis/Thermophoresis/Charge Particle diffusion coefficient(15.57)

(15.59) Diffusiophoresis, thermophoresis, charge terms(15.58) Diffusiophoresis/Thermophoresis/Charge (15.60) (15.61)

Collision Efficiency for Cloud-Aerosol Coagulation Fig Collision efficiency

Collision Kernel for Cloud-Aerosol Coagulation Fig Kernel (cm 3 particle -1 s -1 )