The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7 Mr. Robert

Nose Nasal cavity Nasal septum Mucous membrane Mucus: warms, moistens & filters Cilia Olfactory receptors: receptors for sense of smell

Tonsils Form a protective ring around the entrance to respiratory tract

Sinuses Air filled cavity in bone, lined with mucous membrane Resonance to voice Produce mucus Bones lighter Paranasal sinuses: para- = near nas/o = nose

Pharynx: commonly called the throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Swallowing Respiratory & digestive system share oropharynx Soft palate: closes off nasopharynx Epiglottis: closes of laryngopharynx

Larynx: common name-voice box Thyroid cartilage: Adam’s apple Vocal cords: sound is produced by air expelled from the lungs & cords vibrate

Trachea (windpipe) Held open by C- shaped cartilage rings

Bronchial Tree Two bronchi Bronchioles: smallest branches

Alveoli Air sacs Site of gas exchange

Lungs Lobe: division of the lungs Right lung: 3 lobes Left lung: 2 lobes

Mediastinum Located between lungs Contains: Heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, thymus

Pleura Multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung Parietal pleura: lines thoracic cavity Visceral pleura: lines lungs Pleural space: contains small amount of fluid

Diaphragm Stimulated by phrenic nerve

Breathing Inhalation Exhalation

External & Internal Respiration

Medical Specialties Otolaryngologist or otorhinolaryngologist Pulmonologist

Pathology of the Respiratory System

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Describes a group of conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations

Asthma Chronic allergic disorder Episodes of severe breathing difficulty Coughing Wheezing Inflammation of lining of airway, production of thick mucus, tightening of muscle around the airways

Bronchiectasis Bronchi/o = bronchi -ectasis = enlargement Chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles from an earlier lung infection

Emphysema Progressive loss of lung function due to decrease in alveoli & enlargement of alveoli Chest may assume barrel shape in effort to expand the lungs

Smoker’s respiratory syndrome (SRS) Cough, wheezing, hoarseness, pharyngitis, difficult breathing, susceptibility to respiratory infections

Allergic rhinitis rhin/o = nose -itis = inflammation Allergic reaction to airborne allergens that cause an increased flow of mucus

Croup In infants & children Obstruction of larynx Hoarseness Barking cough

Diphtheria Caused by diphtheria bacteria Acute infection of throat & upper respiratory tract

Epistaxis Nose bleed

Influenza (flu) Acute viral respiratory infection spread by respiratory droplets More common in colder months

Pertussis (whooping cough) Contagious bacterial infection of upper respiratory tract characterized by paroxysmal cough

Rhinorrhea rhin/o = nose -rrhea = abnormal flow Excess flow of mucus from the nose

Pharyng/o = pharynx Laryng/o = larynx Pharyngitis? Pharyngorrhagia? Pharyngorrhea? Laryngoplegia? Laryngospasm? Laryngitis?

Voice disorders Aphonia a- = without phon/o = voice Loss of ability to produce normal sounds Dysphonia dys- = difficult, bad phon/o = voice, sound Hoarseness, weakness or loss of voice

Trache/o = trachea Bronch/o = bronchus Tracheitis? Tracheorrhagia? Bronchitis? Bronchorrhagia? Bronchorrhea?

Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura in the thoracic cavity

Pleuralgia pleur/o = pleura -algia = pain Pain in the pleura or side

Pneumothorax pneum/o = air or lung -thorax = chest Accumulation of air in pleural space

Pleural effusion Accumulation of fluid in pleural space that prevents lungs from fully expanding

Empyema (pyothorax) Accumulation of pus in pleural cavity

Hemothorax hem/o = blood -thorax = chest Accumulation of blood in pleural cavity

Hemoptysis hem/o = blood -ptysis = spitting Spitting of blood or blood tinged sputum from the lungs

Pulmonary edema Accumulation of fluid in lungs

Pneumorrhagia pneum/o = lungs -rrhagia = bleeding Bleeding from the lungs

Atelectasis Collapsed lung; lung fails to expand

Tuberculosis Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually involving lungs MDR-TB: multiple drug resistant tuberculosis

Pneumonia Inflammation of lungs in which the lungs fill with pus & other liquids Bacterial pneumonia: can be prevented with vaccination Viral pneumonia Lobar pneumonia: one or more lobes involved Bronchopneumonia: begins in bronchioles Double pneumonia: both lungs Aspiration pneumonia: foreign substance inhaled into lungs

Mycoplasma pneumonia Also called walking pneumonia Milder, longer lasting form, caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Opportunistic pneumonia, often of AIDS patients

Pneumoconiosis Abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs after years of exposure Anthracosis: black lung disease (coal dust) Asbestosis (asbestos particles) Byssinosis: brown lung disease (cotton, hemp dust) Silicosis: grinder’s disease (silica dust or glass)

Pulmonary fibrosis Formation of scar tissue that replaces alveolar walls

Cystic fibrosis Genetic disorder in which the lungs are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus

Breathing disorders -pnea: breathing Eupnea Tachypnea Bradypnea Apnea Dyspnea Hyperpnea Hypopnea

Cheyne-Stokes respirations Alternating patterns of hyperpnea, hypopnea and apnea

Anoxia an- = without ox/o = oxygen Absence of oxygen from inspired gases

Asphyxiation Suffocation Interruption of breathing

Cyanosis cyan/o = blue -osis = condition Bluish discoloration of the skin from lack of oxygen

Hypoxia hypo = deficient ox/o = oxygen Subnormal oxygen levels in cells

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Crib death Usually between ages of 2 weeks & 1 year

Procedures of the Respiratory System

Respiratory rate (RR) One respiration equals one inhalation & one exhalation Normal range: 15 to 20 breaths per minute

Phlegm Thick mucus secreted by the tissues of the respiratory passages Sputum: phlegm that is ejected through the mouth

Spirometry Testing method that uses a spirometer to record volume of air inhaled or exhaled

Tuberculin skin testing Mantoux method or PPD: small amount of harmless tuberculin protein injected in arm

You should be able to figure out: Bronchoscopy Laryngoscopy Septoplasty Sinusotomy Pharyngoplasty Pharynogostomy Laryngectomy Laryngoplasty Tracheoplasty Tracheorrhaphy Tracheotomy Tracheostomy Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Pleurectomy Thoracotomy Thoracostomy

Thoracentesis Puncture of the chest with a needle to obtain fluid form the pleural cavity

Bronchoconstrictor Agent that narrows openings of the air passages Bronchodilator: an agent that expands the opening of the air passages