Animal Form & Function An animal’s form (anatomy) and its function (physiology) determine its niche (where is lives and what it does) within the biosphere.

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Presentation transcript:

Animal Form & Function An animal’s form (anatomy) and its function (physiology) determine its niche (where is lives and what it does) within the biosphere. Size & Shape- Body Design & Plan product of natural selection by the environment governed by the laws of physics max wt. per wing span for flight hydrodynamics for swimming speed

Exchange of energy with the Environment Depends on the ability to provide an aqueous medium for the plasma membrane dissolved nutrients must diffuse across the plasma membrane all cells must have access to the same medium extensively folded and branched cells provide a means for accomplishing this when the surface area is very small remember that larger animals have smaller surface areas whale - small hydra - large surface area hard coverings help prevent water loss enabling a complex organism to live on land

Tissue Form leads to Specialized Function Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs & cavities closely joined functions as a barrier against microbial attack and water loss Modifiers Glandular secretes and absorbs chemicals mucus membrane simple epithelium single layered stratified epithelium multiple layers structural shapes cuboidal - square columnar - rectangular squamous - flat

Connective tissue binds and supports tissues primarily made of proteins Types collagenous made of collagen (most abundant protein in animals) nonelastic, strong (helps skin resist tearing) Elastic fibers long fibers made of elastin rubbery - (helps skin come back to shape) Reticular fibers meshwork of collagenous fibers that connects connective tissue to neighboring tissues

Specialized Connective Tissue Human examples of connective tissue loose connective tissue (fibroblasts, macrophages) adipose tissue blood bone fibrous connective tissue cartilage

Muscle Tissue made of long contractile muscle fibers contractile unit is called a myofibril made primarily of actin and myosin arranged in parallel most abundant tissue in the body using the majority of the bodies energy resources Types in Humans skeleton - locomotion, voluntary smooth - involuntary cardiac - heart

Nervous Tissue Senses stimuli and transmits message in the form on nerve impulses to another nerve unit or a motor unit (muscle) functional unit is the neuron (nerve cell) concentrated in the brain and spinal chord

Organs and organ systems organs are an aggregate of tissues for a specific purpose tissues can be arranged in layers or can be of a single type vertebrate organs are contained in connective tissue called mesenteries within fluid filled cavities thoracic cavity heart & lungs abdominal cavity kidneys, stomach, intestines separated by diaphragm organ systems must be coordinated to provide the organism the support necessary for stasis (normal life function)