Meeting Current & Future Drinking Water Regulations By: Tyler Richter and Wyatt Smith

Outline History of safe drinking water regulations Impact of SDWA regulations

The “First” Drinking Water Regulation 2000 BC Sanskrit source... “…it is directed to heat foul water by boiling and exposing to sunlight and by dipping seven times into a piece of hot copper, then to filter and cool in an earthen vessel.”

History of U.S. Drinking Water Regulations 1914—coliform bacteria limit addition of limits for inorganic and physical constituents 1942 & revised standards for a variety of parameters

History of Drinking Water Regulations-cont U.S. Public Health Service Safe Drinking Water Act Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations Amendments to SDWA More Amendments to SDWA

More on SDWA History Limited federal role prior to 1974 through US Public Health Service 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act EPA regulates 23 contaminants from Safe Drinking Water Act Prescriptive regulatory schedule 83 contaminants to be regulated in three years Additional 25 contaminants every three years EPA had difficulties in meeting these schedules MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level )-based regulations

1996 SDWA Amendments

Highlights of the 1996 SDWA State programs DWSRF (Drinking Water State Revolving Fund ), capacity development, operator certification Consumer awareness public notification, annual compliance report Priority regulations (w/ deadlines) Coming to a head immediately

1996 SDWA Regulations Because of the lack of available analytical techniques, regulations became more treatment-technique oriented. A much greater number of PWSs will be impacted by these complex new regulations

Example of SDWA Complexity – Stage 2 D/DBP THM/HAA5 MCL determined by Locational System Running Annual Average (LRAA) Phase 1: After 3 years (2005), all systems must comply with 120/100 LLRA Phase 2: After 6 years (2008), all large and medium systems comply with 80/60 LRAA  Small Systems: 80/60 LLRA after 7.5 years or after 8.5 years if cryptosporidium monitoring was required

Or this with the LT2ESWTR Monitoring for Bin Classification Decisions on how to protect all surface water systems from cryptosporidium are made on a system specific basis LT2ESWTR (Long- Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Ruleincorporates system specific treatment requirements based on “microbial framework” approach LT2ESWTR (Long- Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule ) incorporates system specific treatment requirements based on “microbial framework” approach Place systems into “BINS” based on results of source water cryptosporidium monitoring Systems have 2 yrs following Bin Classification to meet Treatment Req. Classification to meet Treatment Req.

Cost of Compliance--U.S. Water Utilities

2001 National Consumer Water Quality Survey 86% have concerns about their water 51% worry about possible health contaminants 49% said federal WQ laws not strict enough (up to 40% in 1999). 4% feel they are. 47% of yr olds don’t think their water is as safe as it should be. Only 17% received/read their CCR’s. Primary source of information is the media 47%. 41% currently use home water treatment device (up from 38% in 1999 and 32% in 1997) 2001 National Consumer Water Quality Survey of 1,021 adults ( Opinion Research Corporation International (Feb 2001).

Source: 2001 National Consumer Water Quality Survey

Treatment More accurate (and complex) treatment methods-such as postfiltration GAC absorbers ion exchange reverse osmosis coagulation-assisted microfiltration activated alumina

Bibliography atutes.html INGWATER/Pages/DWPfunding.aspx