E. O. TAWIAH LIBERIA NATIONAL SEMINAR ON CENSUS DATA ANALYSIS, MONROVIA, LIBERIA, DECEMBER 2011 LECTURE PRESENTATION ON ANALYSIS OF EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION IN LIBERIA

PRESENTATION OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Data Sources 3. Method of Analysis 4. Assessment of Data Quality 5. Definition of Concepts 6. Research Methodology 7. Level of Analysis 8. Discussion of Results 9. Summary and Conclusion

1. INTRODUCTION A. Information is vital part of any system and of decision making  Individual level  Household/community level  National level B. Census data are indispensable for:  Policy making, planning and administrative purposes  Research purposes  Business, industry and labour  Electoral boundary delimitation  Sampling frame for surveys (United Nations, 2008)

C. Importance of employment and education information  Developing employment and manpower programmes  Restructuring and refocusing on education  Human resource development is sine qua non for sustainable socio-economic development  Education is key to socio-economic development, MDG 2, “Achieve universal primary education”. Basic education is a human right and is fundamental to reducing and achieving other MDGs D. Objective of lecture presentation  To provide an outline for writing thematic report on employment and education based mainly on 2008 Liberia population and housing census and other data sets

2. DATA SOURCES  2008 Liberia Population and Housing Census  2006/2007 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey  2007Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire Survey (CWIQ)  Ministry of Education  Other relevant international publications  Coverage of 2008 Liberia Population and Housing Census was nationwide

2008 Population and Housing Census of Liberia collected data on 10 thematic areas: Geographic and internal migration International migration Household and family characteristics Demographic and social characteristics Fertility and mortality Educational characteristics Economic characteristics Disability characteristics Housing characteristics Agriculture

 Literacy: “can you read and write in any language?”  School attendance: “has..... ever attended school?”  Highest level attended: “what is the highest level that..... attained? 3 questions on literacy and education restricted to persons 5 years and over

 Economic activity: “what was..... doing mainly during past one year (12 months)”?  Occupation: “what type of work did..... do?”  Industry: “what kind of business or industry did..... work in?”  Work status: “what work status did..... have at the work place?” 4 questions on type of activity (6 years and over)

2010 Ghana census asked three questions on full time education (3 years and older)  “Has (name) ever attended school or is (name) attending school now?”  “What is the highest level of schooling (name) is attending now/attended in the past?”  “What is the highest grade (form/class/level) (name) has completed at that level of schooling?”

Economic Activity questions (Ghana 2010 census) 8 questions on economic activity (5 years or older)  During the 7 days before census night did (name) engage in any activity for pay (cash or kind) or profit or family gain for at least one hour?  If no in above question, How was (name) mainly engaged?  Why did (name) not seek work? (Not economically active) Occupation:  What kind of work did (name) mainly do?  What is the name and physical location of the establishment where (name) currently works/previously worked? Industry:  What is the main product or services of the establishment where (name) works/worked? Employment status:  What was (name’s) employment status in that establishment/ industry? Employment sector:  In what sector was (name) mainly working?

3. METHOD OF ANALYSIS  Desk review of existing data sources  Descriptive analysis of findings contained in selected employment and education tables

4. ASSESSMENT OF DATA QUALITY  Evaluation of age–sex distribution  Detecting age misreporting Digit preference Age ratio analysis Sex ratio analysis  Adjustment of age distribution

5. DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS Type of activity: Information relates to all persons 6 years and over who worked during the past year (12 months)  Economically active population consists of all persons of either sex who provide supply of labour during a specified time reference period as employed or as unemployed for the production of economic goods and services  Two concepts of economically active population can be distinguished:  The usually active population measured in relation to a long reference period such as a year  The currently active population (labour force) measured in relation to a short reference period such as one week or one day

 Non-economic active population (persons not in the labour force) comprises all persons who were neither employed nor unemployed during the short reference period used to measure current activity, including persons below the minimum age specified for measurement of the economically active population  Economically inactive population are classified according to reason for not being currently active:  Attending an educational institution  Performing household duties  Retiring on pension or capital income  Other reasons e.g. children not attending school, those receiving public aid or private support and persons with disabilities

 A specific time frame or reference period  Individuals meeting an age-specific criterion Two types of reference period  Short reference period of a week or a day (represents current economic activity, labour force concept, e.g. 1984, 2000 and 2010 Ghana censuses)  Long reference period of one year referred to as usual economic activity (e.g Liberia Population and Housing census) Definition of economically active population limits the coverage of production to those performing within:

Age cut-offs used to exclude segments of the population that are:  Too young  Too old  Age at which the level of economic activity is deemed to be very low  Most countries use 14 or 15 years of age as cut-offs

Unemployment The category of unemployed comprises all persons above a specified age who during the reference period were:  Without work, that is, were in neither paid employment nor self-employed  Currently available for work, whether paid employment or self-employed  Seeking work, that is, had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment United Nations, 2010

Occupation refers to the type of work done during the time reference period by the person employed (or the type of work done previously, if unemployed ) irrespective of where (the industry) or under what economic status (the status in employment) the work is being done

 Professional, technical and related workers  Administrative and managerial workers  Clerical and related workers  Sales workers  Service workers  Agric, animal husbandry, fishermen and hunters  Production, transport operators and related workers  Other workers  New workers

Industry refers to the activity of the establishment in which an employed person worked during the time reference period established for data on economic characteristics  Describes what the establishment does, not what the individual does when working for that establishment e.g. an accountant, a security guard working at a university

 Agric, hunting, forestry, fishing  Mining and quarrying  Manufacturing  Electricity, water and gas  Construction  Wholesale and retail trade  Hotel and restaurants  Transport, storage and communication  Finance, insurance and real estate  Community, social and personal services  Public administration and defence  Education  Health and social work

Employment status refers to the status of an economically active person with respect to his or her employment The International Classification of Status in Employment specifies six broad groups:  Employees (including apprentices)  Employers  Own-account workers  Members of producers’ cooperatives  Contributing family workers  Workers not classified by status

2010 Ghana Population and Housing Census  Employee  Self employed without employees  Self employed with employees  Casual worker  Contributing family worker  Apprentice  Domestic employee (househelp)  Others

Employment sector refers to the institutional sector of employment  Public (Government)  Private (formal)  Private (informal)  Semi-public/parastatal  NGO (local and international)  International organisation

School attendance is defined as “regular attendance at any regular accredited educational institution or programme, public or private for organized learning at any level of education at the time of the census or if the census is taken during the vacation period at the end of the school year or during the last school year”. According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCE), education is taken to comprise all deliberate and systematic activities designed to meet learning needs. Instruction in particular skills which is not part of the country is not normally considered “school attendance” for census purposes. United Nations, 2010

Educational attainment is defined as the highest grade completed within the most advanced level attended in the educational system of the country where the education was received United Nations, 2010

6. RELEVANT LITERATURE REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION  Why literature review  Previous studies on employment and education in Liberia and elsewhere

7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TO ANALYSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION Cross-tabulation of educational attainment (15 years and older) by:  Major occupation  Industry  Employment status  Sample for analysis (15 years and over who have completed their schooling (out of school)  Calculation of percentages  Presentation of findings/results  Tables, graphs, charts  Description of tables  Marginals  Cells

8. LEVEL OF ANALYSIS  National  County (15)  Sex (2)  Rural – urban residence (2)

9. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS  Ensuring a balanced and objective analysis of the topic  Interpretation of results devoid of subjectivity or personal judgement/bias

10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION  Summary of main findings  Interpretation of main issues raised  Relating findings to similar studies in Liberia and elsewhere  Policy implications  Policy interventions to address main issues raised  Conclusion

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