Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 1 EET 422 EMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 2 Business as Usual Scenario in the World Energy Outlook 2004 world energy consumption will increase ~ 1.9 %/year 2000  2030 driven by economic and population growth 2030 ~ 55 % world energy demand from developing countries compared to 40% now world energy system will continue to be fossil fuels dominated

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 3

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 4 products placed on the market or put into service are dependent on energy input (electricity fossil fuels renewable sources) to work as intended

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 5 products for GENERATION TRANSFER MEASUREMENT of ENERGY

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 6

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 7

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 8

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 9 equipment is connected to the ac mains and provides one or more functions  reactivation function or reactivation and an indication of enabled reactivation function  information or status display dependent on energy input from the mains power source

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 10

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 11 remote controls TV VCR room air conditioner fax machine continuous digital displays microwave oven washing machine rechargeable batteries cell phone portable tools security system soft-touch keypads

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 12 TVs on standby cost £88m and produce 480,000 tonnes of CO2 STANDBY POWER USE IN THE UK HOME

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 13 Stereos on standby cost £290m and produce 1.6 million tonnes of CO2 VCRs and DVD cost £194m and produce 1.06 million tonnes of CO2 TVs on standby cost £88m and produce 480,000 tonnes of CO2 STANDBY POWER USE IN THE UK HOME

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 14

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 15

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 16

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 17

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 18

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 19 STANDBY POWER legislative and consumer pressure to minimise standby power consumption of electrical & electronic equipment common domestic office

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 20 USA Presidential Executive Order to government agencies “purchase products that use no more than ONE watt in standby power consuming mode”

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 21 the integration of environmental considerations at the design phase to avoid or improve EuP’s environmental impact

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 22 EuP’s ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT energy consumption negative contribution to climate change consumption of materials & natural resources waste generation release of hazardous substances

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING /32/EC 6 July 2005 coherent EU-wide rules for eco-design New Approach Directive

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 24 a framework for EC Eco-design requirements for energy using products standby and off-mode electric power usage electrical & electronic household and office equipment intended for the end user and dependent on mains power energy input

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 25 setting of requirements that energy-using products must fulfil in order to be placed on the market /put into service contributes to sustainable development by increasing energy efficiency improving environmental protection levels increasing the security of the energy supply

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 26 does NOT apply to transport for persons or goods

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 27 REQUIREMENTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FILE states operational modes conformity marking Declaration of Conformity

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 28

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 29 APPROACHMETHOD annual energy use establish operational duty cycle in standby mode active mode intermediate mode individual product unique specification for each product product family limits for similar products groups

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 30 APPROACHMETHOD duality separate limits per product for active energy usage and standby power functionality standby level based on function horizontal a single standby limit for all products (+ listed exceptions)

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 31 INDIVIDUAL SPECIFICATION advantage a list of products, a definition of each product, and a limit for each product products can be easily added or removed disadvantage the management of the list of products as manufacturers add or remove features

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 32 PRODUCT FAMILY SPECIFICATION advantage avoids the need to specifically list each product covered by a specification disadvantage many products will (and have already) features that span several product families

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 33 FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION maximum standby levels based on the product’s features  network connectivity  illumination of a status light  battery charging  presence of a display

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 34 FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION advantage flexible specification enabling manufacturers to add functionality not constrained by a single standby limit avoids administrative problems defining each product treats all products consistently disadvantage the limits will tend to be small < 0.25 W for most functions (2 kWh / year)

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 35 HORIZONTAL SPECIFICATION advantage easy to administer and enforce all products have to meet the same standby power limit

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 36 1-watt Plan International Energy Agency (IEA) 1999 proposed that all countries harmonise energy policies to reduce standby power use < 1 W per device

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 37

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 38 JUNE 2005 an international definition and test procedure for Standby Power

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 39 SPECIFIES standby mode electrical power consumption methods of measurement equipment to obtain an accurate measurement applicable to mains powered household appliances

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 40 DOES NOT SPECIFY safety requirements minimum performance requirements maximum limits on power or energy consumption

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 41 TEMPERATURE stable ambient test room ambient temperature

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 42 AC SUPPLY POWER 10 times EuP nameplate input power VOLTAGE & FREQUENCY stable power supply

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 43 AC SUPPLY HARMONICS: clean power supply harmonic content: 2% up to and including the 13th harmonic 1.34 crest factor 1.49

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 44 Digital Power Analyser fundamental active power accuracy ≥ 0.5% measurements resolution  0.01 W  49 th harmonic power measurement ≥ 0.5 W uncertainty  95% confidence level power measurement able to resolve  0.01 W for power measurements < 0.5 W  0.1 W for power measurements ≥ 0.5 W voltage and current measurement uncertainty  2%

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 45 Digital Power Analyser Digital readouts must be stable otherwise averaging or data logging need to be used 1% stability over 30 min period data collection 1 sec sampling

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 46

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 47 POWER ANALYSER  long-term power integration  continuous high sample rate measurements 200 kHz to ensure no loss of data  extended averaging mode (period of time) several cycles of operation of the equipment  display averaged results

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 48

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 49

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 50 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VOLTAGES & CURRENTS PM mA  20 A rms 2.0 V min EXTERNAL CURRENT SHUNT: V min 12.5 mV rms

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 51 CLAMPS & TRANSFORMERS OK to EXTEND HIGHER RANGE

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 52 NON-INDUCTIVE SHUNT

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 53

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 54 shunt resistance should be as low as possible to minimise the effect on the measured circuit IEC specifies < 3.5 m Ω when measuring harmonics

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 55 shunt should have a sufficiently high resistance such that the voltage across it is within range.

Prof R T KennedyEMC & COMPLIANCE ENGINEERING 56