Paola Neira N.

Philology Study of languages Describes a common acestor PROTO Original form Source of modern languages Indian Sub-continent (INDO) Europe (EUROPEAN) PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN

COGNATES Connection between different languages Common ancestor in the Proto-Indo-European Close similarities In languages. Words with similar form and meaning in different languages English German Mother – father - friend Mutter – vater - freund

Comparative Reconstruction To reconstruct the proto-form in the common ancestral language Principles Mayority Most natural development Retains the original sound Minority changes through time Sound changes Are common

OLD ENGLISH Early form of the English languages (angles, saxons and jutes tribes) Anglo- saxons (PAGAN) CHRISTIANITY Religion (LATIN) Vikings Old norse

Middle English Norman French arrived in England The ruling class EnglishFrench Lower class’ language Official language of England

Spoken since the Great Vowel Shift Quality of vowel sounds Modern English

Sounds Changes Quality of vowel sounds Metathesis Epenthesis Prothesis Reversal en position of two adjoining sounds Addition of a sound to the middle of a word Addition of a sound to the beggining of a word

Syntactic change Differences between the structure of sentences Loss of a large number of inflectional affixes Old English Middle English Word order V-S-O S-V-O

Lexical Changes BroadeningNarrowing Dog (all breeds) Docga (particular breed) Hund (any kind of dog) Hound (specific breeds)

Process of change Changes caused by wars, invasions, and others. Process of cultural transmition Types of variation DiachronicallySynchronically Historical perspective of change through time Study of a language at a given point in time