Chapter 4 Audio and video compression 4.1 Introduction 4.2 audio compression 4.3 Video compression

4.1 introduction Both audio and most video signals are continuously varying analog signals The compression algorithms associated with digitized audio and video are different from close

4.2 Audio compress Pulse code modulation(PCM) Bandlimited signal The bandwidth of the communication channels that are available dictate rates that are less than these.This can be achieved in one of two ways: Audio signal is sampled at a lower rate A compression algorithm is used

4.2.1 Differential pulse code modulation DPCM is a derivative of standard PCM and exploits the fact that,for most audio signals, the range of the differences in amplitude between successive samples of the audio waveform is less than the range of the actual sample amplitudes. Figure4.1

4.2.1 Differential pulse code modulation –cont (figure 4.1)

4.2.2 Adaptive differential PCM Additional savings in bandwidth –or improved quality –can be obtained by varying the number of bits used for the difference signal depending on its amplitude A second ADPCM standard ,which is G.722.It added subband coding. A third standard based on ADPCM is also available.this is defined in G.726.This also uses subband coding but with a speech bandwidth of 3.4kHz

4.2.3 Adaptive Predictive Coding(APC) Even higher levels of compression-but at higher levvels of complexity-can be obtained by also making the predictor coefficients adaptive.This is the principle of adaptive of adaptive predictive coding

4.2.4 Linear predictive coding There are then quantizized and sent and the destination uses them,together with a sound synthesizer,to regenerate a sound that is perceptually comparable with the source audio signal.this is LPC technique. Three feature which determine the perception of a signal by the ear are its: Pitch Period Loudness Basic feature of an LPC encoder/decoder: figure 4.4

4.2.4 Linear predictive coding -cont (figure 4.4)

4.2.5 Code-excited LPC Code-excited LPC The synthesizers used in most LPC decoders are based on a very basic model of the vocal tract In the CELP model,instead of treating each digitized segment independently for encoding purpose All coders of this type have a delay associated with them which is incurred while each block of digitized samples is analyzed by the encoder and the speech is reconstructed at the decoder

4.2.6 Perceptual coding Perceptual encoders have been designed for the compression of general audio Perceptual coding since its role is to exploit a number of the limitation of the human ear. Sensitivity of the ear A strong signal may reduce the level of sensitivity of the ear to other signals which are near to it in frequency

4.2.6 Perceptual coding -cont The Sensitivity of the ear varies with the frequency of the signal,the perception threshold of the ear – that is, its minimum level of sensitivity-as a function of frequency is show in figure 4.5(a) Most sensitive to signals in the range 2-5kHz Shown 4.5(b) shows how the the sensitivity of the ear changes in the vicinity of a loud signal

4.2.6 Perceptual coding -cont (figure4.5)

4.2.6 Perceptual coding -cont The masking effect also varies with frequency as show in figure 4.6 Critical bandwidth Temporal masking: When the ear hears a loud sound,it takes a short but finite time before it can hear a quieter sound SHOW 4.7

4.2.6 Perceptual coding-cont (figure4.6)

4.2.6 Perceptual coding-cont (figure4.7)

4.2.7 MPEG AUDIO CODERS ENCODING Input signal is first sampled and quantized using PCM The bandwidth that is available for transmission is divided into a number of frequency subbands using a bank of analysis filters Scaling factor: THE analysis filter band also determines the maximum amplitude of the 12 subband samples in each subband

4.2.7 MPEG AUDIO CODERS -cont Discrete Fourier transform(DFT) The 12 set of 32 PCM samples are first transformed into an equivalent set of frequency components using a mathematical technique Signal-to-mask ratios(SMRs) Using the known hearing thresholds and masking properties of each subband,the model determines the various masking effects of this set of signals

4.2.7 MPEG AUDIO CODERS -cont (figure4.8) Frame format,show figure 4.8(b)

4.2.7 MPEG AUDIO CODERS -cont table 4.2

4.2.8 Dolby audio coders MPEG V.S Dolby AC-1 ,show figure 4.9 MPEG: Advantage: psychoacoustic model is required only in the encoder Disadvantage:a significant portion of each encoded frame contains bit allocation information Dolby AC-1: Use a fixed bit allocation strategy for each subband which is then used by both the encoder and decoder

4.2.8 Dolby audio coders -cont (figure4.9)

4.2.8 Dolby audio coders -cont Dolby AC-2 standard which is utilized in many applications including the compression associated with the audio of a number of PC sound cards The hybrid approach is used in the Dolby AC-3 standard which has been defined for use in a similar range of applications as the MPEG audio standards including the audio associated with advanced television(ATV)

4.3 Video compression The digitization format defines the sampling rate that is used for the luminance ,Y ,and two chrominance,Cb and Cr

4.3.1 video compress principles Frame type I-frame: I-frames are encoded without reference to any other frames GOP:The number of frame between I-frames P-frame: encoding of a p-frame is relative to the contents of either a preceding I-frame or a preceding P-frame

4.3.1 video compress principles -cont The number of P-frames between I-frame is limited since any errors present in the first P-frame will be propagated to the next B-frame:their contents are predicted using search regions in both past and future frames PB-frame:this does not refer to a new frame type as such but rather the way two neighboring P- and B-frame are encoded as if they were a single frame D-frame:only used in a specific type of application. It has been defined for use in movie/video-on-demand application

4.3.1 video compress principles –cont (figure4.11)

4.3.1 video compress principles -cont Motion estimation and compensation P-frame Macroblock structure ,show figure 4.12(a) P-frame Encoding procedure,show figure 4.12(b) Best match macroblock Motion vector DCT+ Quantization +run-length & V Huffman B-frame encoding procedure,show figure 4.13

4.3.1 video compress principles –cont (figure4.12)

4.3.1 video compress principles –cont (figure4.13)

4.3.1 video compress principles –cont (figure4.14) Implementation issues ,show figure4.14

4.3.1 video compress principles –cont Performance - Compression ratio I-frame:10:1 – 20:1 P-frame:20:1-30:1 B-frame:30:1-50:1

4.3.2 H.261 For the provision of video telephony and videoconferencing services over an ISDN Transmission channels multiples of 64kbps Digitization format used is either the common intermediate format(CIF) or the quarter CIF(QCIF) CIF:Y=352X288, Cb=Cr=176X144 QCIF:Y=176X144, Cb=Cr=88X72 H.261 encoding format show figure 4.15

4.3.2 H.261 -cont

4.3.2 H.261 -cont H.261 video encoder principles figure 4.16(a)

4.3.2 H.261 -cont Two threshold Low high

4.3.3 H.263 Over wireless and public switched telephone networks(PSTN) Include video telephony videoconferencing , security surveillance ,interactive game Low bit rates Digitization formats QCIF:Y=176X144 , Cb=Cr=88X72 S-QCIF:Y=128X96, Cb=Cr=64X68

4.3.3 H.263 -cont Frame types: Unrestricted motion vectors I-frame P-frame B-frame PB-frame:because of the much reduced encoding overhead Unrestricted motion vectors To overcome this limitation ,for those pixels of a potential close-match macroblock that fall outsize of the frame boundary

4.3.3 H.263 -cont Error resilience Independent segment decoding Cause error propagation,show figure4.17(a) Error tracking and resilience,show figure4.17(b) When an error is detected , decoder send NAK to encoder Independent segment decoding Prevent these errors from affecting neighboring GOBs in succeeding frames Show figure 4.18

4.3.3 H.263 -cont (figure 4.17)

4.3.3 H.263 -cont (figure 4.18)

4.3.3 H.263 -cont (figure 4.19) Reference picture selection(figure 4.19 ) NAK mode ,show figure 4.19(a) ACK mode,show figure 4.19(b)

4.3.4 MPEG MPEG-1 MPEG-2 Source intermediate digitization format(SIF) Resolution:352X288 VHS-quality audio Video on CD-ROM at bit rates up to 1.5Mbps MPEG-2 Four level LOW MAIN High 1440 high

4.3.4 MPEG -cont MPEG-4 Similar h.163 Low bit rate range from 4.8 to 64kbps Interactive multimedia application

4.3.5 MPEG-1 Support two type spatial resolutions NTSC PAL Frame type:I,P,B-frame,(figure 4.20) Based on the h.261,there are two main differences: Temporal B-frame was increased Video bitstream structure (figure 4.21)

4.3.5 MPEG-1 -cont (figure 4.20) Figure 4.20

4.3.5 MPEG-1 -cont (figure 4.21)

4.3.6 MPEG-2 Support four levels and five profiles MP@ML For digital television broadcasting Resolution of either 720X480 pixels at 30Hz or 720X576 pixels at 25Hz Bit rate from 4Mbps – 15Mbps Use interlaced scanning,show 4.22(a) Field mode(figure 4.22(b)) Frame mode(figure 4.22(c))

4.3.6 MPEG-2 -cont (figure4.22)

4.3.6 MPEG-2 -cont HDTV(Grand Alliance) 16/9 ASPECT RATIO MP@HL ITU-R HDTV 16/9 ASPECT RATIO MP@HL Audio: Dolby AC-3 DVB HDTV 4/3 ASPECT RATIO SSP@H1440-SPATIALLY-SCALEABLE PROFILE AT HIGH 1440 MPEG audio layer 2

4.3.7 MPEG-4 Scene composition Content-based functionalities Audio-visual object(AVOs) Object descriptor Binary format for scenes Scene descriptor Video object planes(VOPs)(figure 4.23) Audio and video compression(figure 4.24)

4.3.7 MPEG-4 -cont (figure4.23)

4.3.7 MPEG-4 -cont (figure4.24)

4.3.7 MPEG-4 -cont Transmission format(figure 4.25) Transport stream Packetized elementary Elementary stream(ES) FlexMux layer Synchronization layer Elementary stream descriptor(ESD) Composition and rendering block

4.3.7 MPEG-4 -cont (figure4.25)

4.3.7 MPEG-4 -cont Error resilience techniques (figure 4.26) Use of fixed-length Based on reversible VLCs Error occur macroblock header

4.3.7 MPEG-4 -cont (figure4.26)

4.3.7 MPEG-4 -cont Reversible VLCs (figure 4.27) The associated set of RVLCs is then produced by adding a fixed—length prefix and suffix to each of the corresponding VLCs Forward direction scan Reverse direction scan The error at difference points in the bitstream resulting in an overlap region

4.3.7 MPEG-4 -cont (figure4.27)