Today Finish lecture (bilingualism) Review of Second Exam (form and content) Video (“Between the Solitudes”)

Language Death Typically based on economic and political imperatives Historical reasons: overwhelming forces Central American case: colonialism and conquest Assimilative policies: North America and Australia

Language death among the Arapaho English associated with power Bilingualism becomes an asset Bilingualism gives way to monolingualism Indigenous language loses prestige

Other reasons for language death Being outnumbered: Normandy, Hungarian speakers of Austria Negative attitudes towards local languages: The Arapaho, Tiwa opposite example Immigration: local populations outnumbered Cultural imperialism; mass media, Hollywood

Summary Bilingualism is difficult to define ----depending of the purpose of the particular language use More than half of the population is bilingual ---monolingualism versus bilingualism The functions of and attitudes of languages depend on social contexts ---diaglossia: High and low form: depend on context

Review: Form and Content Form: Three parts, One: Definitions--9 out of 11 (one mark) Two: Short Answer Questions--2 out of 4 (3 marks) Three: Essay Questions--1 out of 2 (5 marks)

Content Bonvillain: Chapters 8, 1, and 12 Other Readings: Clark Blaise (North) Eva Hoffman (Life in a New Language) Michael Ignatieff (Blood and Belonging) Films: “Men and Women Talking Together”, “The Voice of the Land is in our Languages,” and “Between The Solitudes”

Between The Solitudes Josh Freed (1992) Montreal: Early 1990’s Linguistic debate: English speaking minority Multilingualism(bilingualism) and politics

What it the importance of Language for Quebec nationalism?

What are the consequences of linguistic nationalism?

What do you think is the future of most languages in the world? What can we do to prevent the death of these languages.