Organisms contain atoms from 11 different elements held together with covalent bonds. These atoms all come from elements which are __________________________________? NONMETALS

All of these 11 elements have a low atomic mass: O, C. H, N, P, S, Cl, Ca, K, Na, Mg. Organisms also have trace amounts of some other elements, mostly metals.

All organic molecules contain carbon. Don’t be fooled! Not all carbon containing molecules are organic!

Some are small and simple. For example: Methane, natural gas, is CH4 This means it is made of only _______ atoms. 5

Others are large and complex = macromolecules Macromolecules are chains of small molecules (monomers) linked together to form polymers. Each box below represents a monomer—through the process of polymerization they form macromolecules. POLYMER MONOMER

This means all macromolecules contain atoms of ___________. Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbon

 Carbohydrates –can be made of small molecules or macromolecules  Small carbohydrates are simple sugars (monosaccharides). Examples: glucose, sucrose, and lactose.  All carbohydrates contain C, H and O Note: “ose” = sugar Sucrose

 Large molecules of Carbohydrates (macromolecules) are made up of small molecules of sugar. Each sugar molecule is a monomer—together they form a polymer. This polymer is a large carbohydrate molecule

Carbohydrates are used to store energy in living things. Examples of large carbohydrate molecules are starch, chitin in crab shells, paper, wood

All lipids are macromolecules. Examples are fats, oils, and wax. Lipids make up cell membranes. All lipids are made of C and O.

All Nucleic Acids are macromolecules Examples: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Nucleic Acids carry the genetic information in all living things. Nucleic acids contain C, H, O, N, P Nucleotides are the monomer for Nucleic Acids.

Proteins are all macromolecules. Examples: hemoglobin (make blood cells red), hair, muscles, organs and enzymes Amino acids (a type of monomer) make up proteins (different types of polymers). Proteins contain C, H, O, and N.

Food is eaten, then broken down by the digestive system into molecules of carbs, proteins and lipids that made up the food. The molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the cells. The cells take molecules and atoms and reassemble them into new combinations to create the carbs, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids our bodies need.

Inorganic (non-living) molecules can react together and form organic molecules Example: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ReactantsProducts

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  Bonds holding carbon dioxide together break apart. Bonds holding water together break apart. CCCCCC HHHHHH O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Atoms rearrange themselves and new bonds form producing glucose and oxygen molecules. Energy is released or absorbed when bonds are broken or formed

Reactions like photosynthesis get started with the input of energy. The energy input necessary to start a chemical reaction = Activation Energy*Activation Energy* Once the energy is made available the reaction is able to occur.

Affected by Temperature: Increase in temperature _________________ the rate of the reaction and a decrease slows the rate. Why does this happen? Concentration: Increase in concentration increases rate of reaction. Why does this happen? increases

Affected by c) Surface Area of chemicals: increase in surface area increases rate of reaction Demonstration!

a) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in living things. Although used to speed up a chemical reaction, enzymes do not get “used up” or altered during the reaction. See blood cocktail!reaction

CO 2 is a waste product in your body. Each cell must rid itself of CO 2 To do this, your body transforms CO 2 into H 2 CO 3 (Carbonic acid) This process is VERY slow unless an enzyme (carbonic anhydrase) is present. (ase = enzyme) H2OH2O CO 2 Enzyme +  + H2CO 3 + Note: An enzyme remains unchanged by the chemical reaction. There is no more nor less at the end of the reaction than at the beginning. The same enzyme can be used over and over again!!

b) enzyme – made of protein c) enzyme – found “free” in suspension in the cell’s cytoplasm d) enzyme – very specific. Each enzyme is able to catalyze 1 or a few specific reactions e) enzyme – thousands of enzymes exist in organisms to speed up all of the reactions necessary for life.

f) enzyme – destroyed by heat or other extreme conditions such as high or low pH or high salt content (referred to as denatured)denatured g) enzyme – sensitive to pH (acidity/alkalinity) – work best under neutral conditions within a cell h) enzyme – medical disorders/conditions can involve the dysfunction or the lack of an enzyme.

Each enzyme has a particular shape/structure. The chemical reactants (substrate) have a shape/structure that bind onto the active site of a specific enzyme. This is referred to as Lock and Key.

The enzyme brings together the reactants and weakens their bonds. The activation energy is lowered  Less energy is needed to start the reaction!

Because the activation energy is less the reaction occurs more quickly than without the enzyme. The product is produced and released from the enzyme. enzyme.

Enzyme can break down one substrate into two products OR can take two substrates and make one product.

Penicillin is an antibiotic (kills bacteria) discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming (Scottish doctor) How it works: Penicillin inhibits enzymes necessary for the synthesis of a constituent of the bacterial cell wall. The bacterial population stops growing because there is no new cell wall formation. Fleming won the Nobel prize in Medicine for the discovery of penicillin.

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