Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds

Chemistry is... 1.What life is made of Example: Macromolecules 2.What life does a.Growth b.Reproduction c.Movement d.Interaction with the environment

Chemistry of Carbon 1.Carbon can form four covalent bonds. 2.Carbon can bond with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons first shell- 2 second shell- 4

Bonding Symbols A single bond is signified by a solid line between symbols; shares 2 electrons A double bond is signified by two solid lines between symbols; shares 4 electrons A triple bond is signified by three solid lines between symbols; shares 6 electrons

Macromolecules 1.Macromolecules are “Giant molecules” 2.Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers. a.This process is called polymerization. Macromolecules Macromolecules are “Giant molecules” Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers This process is called Polymerization.

Macromolecules Synthesizing covalent bonds between the monomers involves losing a water molecule- dehydration, or condensation reaction

Macromolecules Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to break off a monomer involves breaking a water molecule and inserting its pieces – hydrolysis

Types of macromolecules 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins

Carbohydrates 1. Composition: made of C, H and O atoms *** monomer- monosaccharide 2.Uses: Main source of energy for organisms, structural purpose in cell membrane, and exoskeleton of insects.

Carbohydrates 4.Examples a.Sugars 1.Monosaccharide = single sugar molecule 2.Polysaccharide = polymer of monosaccharides bonded together with a glycosidic linkage

Carbohydrates 4.Examples b.Starch: Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) that store extra sugar 1.In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural is called chitin 2.In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called cellulose

Lipids 1.Composition: C, H, O atoms *** subunits are glycerol and fatty acids 2.Not soluble in water, hydrophobic 3.Function: energy storage, main part of cell membrane, hormones 4. Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol

Lipids Types of fatty acids: a.Unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are liquid at room temperature, C=C bonds Example:Olive oil b.Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are solids at room temperature, no C=C bonds Example:Shortening, butter

Glycerol + fatty acidlipids + water Saturated = only single bonds, maximum number of H atoms Unsaturated = at least on C = C double bond Types of Lipids lipid

Proteins 1.Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 2.Uses: 1.Structure 2.Storage, 3.transport of other substances, 4.movement, 5.Immunity 6.Catalyze reactions (make them happen)

Proteins 1.Made of monomers called amino acids a.20 types of amino acids b.Same general structure, but different R group We will draw the 4 levels of Protein structure on the board…

General structureAlanineSerine Amino groupCarboxyl group

Nucleic Acids 1.Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus 2.Store and transmit genetic information 3.Two types a.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) b.RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nucleotide 4.Made of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts a.5-carbon sugar (ribose) b.Phosphate group c.Nitrogenous base

Carbon Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Monosacch- arides Glycerol and Fatty acids NucleotidesAmino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen Sugars and starches Fats, oils, waxes, steroids DNA or RNA Actin, enzymes, hemoglobin

Chapter 2.4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Chemical Reactions Chemical Reaction: A change of one set of chemicals into another 1.Can be slow or fast 2.Chemical reactions require collisions between molecules 3.Involves changes in chemical bonds A + B  C + D

Chemical Reactions 1.Involves changes in chemical bonds a.Reactants are elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction. Bonds of reactants are broken in a chemical reaction. b.Products are elements or compounds that are produced in a chemical reaction. Bonds of products are formed in a chemical reaction

Chemical Reactions 1.Involves changes in chemical bonds A + B  C + D Which are the reactants? Which are the products?

Chemical Reaction Example: CO 2 in the body 1.Cells produce CO 2,then blood carries CO 2 from cells to lungs (exhale) Problem: CO 2 is not soluble (dissolvable) in water Solution: A chemical reaction converts CO 2 to a soluble compound

In blood, CO 2 converted to soluble compound: CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3 In the lungs, reaction is reverse to exhale CO 2 H 2 CO 3 → CO 2 + H 2 O

Chemical reactions involve energy 1.Breaking and forming chemical bonds requires energy release or absorption 2.Reactions that release energy can occur spontaneously (but not all do) a.Energy is released as heat 3.Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without an energy source

4.What is activation energy? The energy needed to get a reaction started 5.Some chemical reactions are really slow or require lots of energy and cannot occur on their own

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Endergonic/ EndothermicExergonic/ Exothermic

Enzymes are catalysts. 1.A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. a.An enzyme is a protein that act as biological catalyst b.Enzymes speed up reactions that take place in cells

Enzymes are catalysts. c.Enzymes provides a site (called the active site) where reactants can be brought together to react. This decreases the activation energy d.In a reaction involving an enzyme, the reactants are called substrates e.Enzymes can be reused, but can only have one type of substrate

An enzymatic reaction:

Enzymes are catalysts. f.The enzyme-substrate relationship is like that of a “lock and key” g.Enzymes can have an allosteric inhibitor in which another molecule can turn the enzyme on or off by binding to it (make the “lock” work or not)

Enzymes are catalysts. h. Enzymes can be affected by: 1.pH 2.Temperature 3.Other proteins

CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3 requires an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase

Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Active site glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate + ADP