Biospecies Information By: Bryan Sadowski

Proteins ● Made up of amino acid chains – Typically , but can be as high as 27,000 (titin) ● Functions proteins are responsible for: – Structures of cells – Transport of materials in body fluids – Receptors for hormones

Amino Acids ● The monomers making up protein polymers ● Made of alpha C, attached to: – Amino group – Carboxyl group to donate H – One of 20 “R” groups ● Nine essential amino acids – Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine Aline amino acid representation es/A/AminoAcids.html

Enzymes ● Catalysts for body funtions ● Most are proteins – some use RNA as catalysts (ribozymes) ● Bond temporarily to reactants and lower activation energy for reaction ● Example of a body catalyst – Carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells ● CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3, allows transport of carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs

Cells ● Structural units that make up plants and animals ● Made up of 90% cytoplasm – Free amino acids, proteins, glucose, etc... ● Other 10% consist of: – 59% H, 24% O, 11% C, 4% N, 2% other ● Some of the organelles in the cell: – Nucleus (DNA), endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis), mitochondria (food to energy)

Nucleic Acids ● Building blocks of DNA and RNA ● Four types of bases – Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C) – Bond A to T and C to G – Form into two complimentary, antiparallel chains adeninethymine cytosine guanine o/

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