Middle East Review for Test Essay Topic: Conflicts in the Middle East (Persian Gulf War, Arab-Israeli Conflict etc.) Complete CASTELEARNING

1. Geography of Middle East Arid climate Arid climate Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia, Cradle of Civilization). Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia, Cradle of Civilization). Sahara Desert, Nile River Sahara Desert, Nile River

2. Area of importance Crossroads of the Continents- trade Crossroads of the Continents- trade Birthplace of religion- Judaism, Islam and Christianity. Birthplace of religion- Judaism, Islam and Christianity. Oil reserves Oil reserves

3. Conflict in the Middle East Religious wars over holy land. Religious wars over holy land. Nationalism Nationalism Oil Oil Imperialism Imperialism

4. PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization Palestinian Liberation Organization Yassir Arafat Yassir Arafat Wants to regain Palestine from the Jews. Wants to regain Palestine from the Jews. Terrorist organization Terrorist organization

5. Arab Israeli Conflict Balfour declaration promised the land to the Jews. Balfour declaration promised the land to the Jews. Zionism- establishment of a homeland for Jews. Gained support after Holocaust. Zionism- establishment of a homeland for Jews. Gained support after Holocaust. Both claim their religion began there. Both claim their religion began there. Both claim they have an historical tie to the land. Both claim they have an historical tie to the land. Conflict is unresolved. Continued Terrorist activities. Continued peace negotiations. Conflict is unresolved. Continued Terrorist activities. Continued peace negotiations.

6. Camp David Accords First peace treaty in the Middle East. First peace treaty in the Middle East. Israel- Begin, Egypt- Sadat, U.S.- Carter. Israel- Begin, Egypt- Sadat, U.S.- Carter. Egypt officially recognizes Israel. Egypt officially recognizes Israel. Win Nobel Prize. Win Nobel Prize. Sadat assassinated Sadat assassinated

7. Iranian Revolution Shah tried to modernize and westernize.a Shah tried to modernize and westernize.a Emancipated women. Emancipated women. Overthrown- comes to U.S. Overthrown- comes to U.S. Khomeini establishes an Islamic Fundamentalist government. Khomeini establishes an Islamic Fundamentalist government. Take 50 hostages for 444 days. Take 50 hostages for 444 days.

8. Iran-Iraq War Border dispute (Shatt al Arab waterway) Border dispute (Shatt al Arab waterway) Lasted 8 years. Lasted 8 years. Iraq wins, but suffers huge losses. Iraq wins, but suffers huge losses. Iraq invades Kuwait (wealthy nation). Iraq invades Kuwait (wealthy nation).

9. Libya Country tied to terrorism. Country tied to terrorism President Reagan bombed terrorist training camps in Libya in retaliation for the bombing of a nightclub in Berlin where U.S. service men were killed President Reagan bombed terrorist training camps in Libya in retaliation for the bombing of a nightclub in Berlin where U.S. service men were killed.

10. Nationalism Cause of conflict in the Middle East. Cause of conflict in the Middle East. Arab-Israeli conflict- Arab nationalism and Jewish nationalism Arab-Israeli conflict- Arab nationalism and Jewish nationalism

11. Zionism 1898 founded by Theodor Herzel founded by Theodor Herzel. Did not gain support until after the Holocaust. Did not gain support until after the Holocaust. Created world wide support- led to the creation of Israel. Created world wide support- led to the creation of Israel.

12. Gulf War Hussein invaded Kuwait (because of Iran- Iraq War). Hussein invaded Kuwait (because of Iran- Iraq War). U.N. military action. U.N. military action. Hussein removed from Kuwait. Hussein removed from Kuwait. Allowed to remain in power. Allowed to remain in power. Economic sanctions. Economic sanctions.