****** McGraw-Hill/Irwin Understanding Business, 8e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Nickels McHugh McHugh ** How Economics Affects Business: The Creation and Distribution of Wealth 2 CHAPTER * **

****** 2-2 Economics: Create Wealth Study of how society chooses to employ resources to produce goods & services and distribute them among competing groups/individualsStudy of how society chooses to employ resources to produce goods & services and distribute them among competing groups/individuals Micro v. MacroMicro v. Macro Resource DevelopmentResource Development

****** 2-3 Four “What’s” of an Economic System $What is produced? $What amount is produced? $What is the method of output distribution? $What is the rate of economic growth? Adapted from: Adapted from: Edwin Mansfield Economics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1976), p.8

****** 2-4 Economic Theories Thomas Malthus (Early 1800s) Thomas Malthus (Early 1800s) “Dismal Science” “Dismal Science” Too many peopleToo many people Adam Smith (1776) Adam Smith (1776) Freedom is vitalFreedom is vital “Invisible Hand”“Invisible Hand”

****** 2-5 Circular Flow Model

****** 2-6 Three Economic Systems Communism Socialism Capitalism (Highly Controlled ) (Little Control ) Mixed

****** 2-7 Free-Market Capitalism Private Property Private Property Business Ownership/ Profits Business Ownership/ Profits Freedom of Competition Freedom of Competition Freedom of Choice Freedom of Choice

****** 2-8 Supply Curve Quantity(S) High High Low Price(P) S

****** 2-9 Demand Curve Price(P) Quantity(D) High Low D

****** 2-10 Quantity High Low Price Equilibrium Point Market Equilibrium SD Surplus Shortage

****** 2-11 Free-Market Competition Sellers OneMany Monopoly Oligopoly MonopolisticCompetition Perfect Competition

****** 2-12 Perfect Competition Buyer Sellers

****** 2-13 Monopolistic Competition: Many Sellers With Perceived Differences Fast Food Fast Food Colleges Colleges

****** 2-14 Oligopoly: Few Sellers Automobiles Automobiles Tobacco Tobacco

****** 2-15 Monopoly: One Seller Utilities Utilities Microsoft? Microsoft?

****** 2-16 Limits of Free-Markets Inequality of Wealth- Causes National & World Tension Inequality of Wealth- Causes National & World Tension Greed Compromises Ethics Greed Compromises Ethics Limitations Push Country towards Socialism = Government Regulation Limitations Push Country towards Socialism = Government Regulation

****** 2-17 Number of Workers per Social Security Recipient Source: Investors.com

****** 2-18 Industrialized Nations’ Top Individual Tax Rate Source: May 9, 2006

****** 2-19 Socialism Private & Public Ownership Private & Public Ownership Some Choices are Limited Some Choices are Limited Creates Social Equality Creates Social Equality Reduces Individual Incentive Reduces Individual Incentive - Brain Drain

****** 2-20 Communism Public Ownership Public Ownership Almost all major factors of production Almost all major factors of production Central Planning/Controlled Economy Central Planning/Controlled Economy Shortages of food and other products Shortages of food and other products may develop may develop Lack of motivation to work hard for Lack of motivation to work hard for business people business people

****** 2-21 Mixed Economies Free-Market Economy = Capitalism Free-Market Economy = Capitalism Command Economy Command Economy SocialismSocialism CommunismCommunism Trend Results in Blend/Mix Trend Results in Blend/Mix Capitalism > SocialismCapitalism > Socialism Socialism > CapitalismSocialism > Capitalism

****** 2-22 Why is the U.S. an Economic Success? Major Reason Percent* Major Reason Percent* Constitution85 Free Elections84 Free Enterprise System81 Abundant Resources78 Cultural Diversity71 * Respondents could choose more than one. Source: Investors Business Daily Survey

****** 2-23 U.S. Economy Key Economic IndicatorsKey Economic Indicators Productivity in the U.S.Productivity in the U.S. Productivity in the Service SectorProductivity in the Service Sector Business CyclesBusiness Cycles RecessionRecession DepressionDepression RecoveryRecovery StabilizationStabilization Fiscal PolicyFiscal Policy National DebtNational Debt Economic Growth through Monetary PolicyEconomic Growth through Monetary Policy

****** 2-24 Key Economic Indicators Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Unemployment Rate Unemployment Rate Price Indexes Price Indexes Consumer Price Index (CPI)Consumer Price Index (CPI) Producer Price Index (PPI)Producer Price Index (PPI)

****** 2-25 U.S. Gross Domestic Product In Billions of U.S. $ Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis

****** G-8 Countries55 44G-8 Countries55 44 U.S. only22 21U.S. only22 21 China 5 13China 5 13 India 3 6India 3 6 Latin America 7 6Latin America 7 6 Africa 33Africa 33 Share of World GDP(%) Source: July 6,

****** 2-27 U.S. Unemployment (%) Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Source: Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

****** 2-28 What Makes Up The Consumer Price Index? Source: Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

****** 2-29 Consumer Price Index = 100 Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics

****** 2-30 Percent Change in Labor Productivity- U.S. Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Labor Statistics

****** 2-31 Where Does the Government Get Its Money? Source: Office of Management & Budget, 2002

****** 2-32 Federal Spending Source: Congressional Budget Office

****** 2-33 Biggest Economic Challenges Over the Next 3-5 years the U.S. can be expected to face these challenges:Over the Next 3-5 years the U.S. can be expected to face these challenges: Pension & Health care costsPension & Health care costs The Federal DeficitThe Federal Deficit High Energy and Commodity CostsHigh Energy and Commodity Costs Balance of paymentsBalance of payments TerrorismTerrorism Source: Investors Business Daily January 9, 2006

****** 2-34 Healthcare Expenditure Projections (Percent of National GDP) Source: FORTUNE May 3, 2004

****** 2-35 Rising U.S. Trade Deficit Source: US Dept of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis

****** 2-36 Where are the Homeland Security Dollars Spent? Source: Business Week June 14, 2004

****** 2-37 The debt has reached $8.36 trillion+ (May 2006)The debt has reached $8.36 trillion+ (May 2006) If $1,000 bills were stacked:If $1,000 bills were stacked: $1 Million = 4.29 Inches$1 Million = 4.29 Inches $1 Billion = 357.5Feet$1 Billion = 357.5Feet $1 Trillion = 67Miles$1 Trillion = 67Miles The debt is equal to miles in $1,000 billsThe debt is equal to miles in $1,000 bills National Debt Clock- Debt Clock- What is the National Debt?