Europe in 1919

Rise of Russian Socialism 1898 – Social Democratic Workers’ party formed – Vladamir Lenin leader Three basic alterations to Marxism: –Capitalism could only be destroyed by violent revolution –Socialist revolutions were possible in even relatively backward nations like Russia –High disciplined workers’ party controlled by intellectuals and full-time revolutionaries 1903 – Social Democrats split into two groups –Mensheviks – evolutionary change vs. –Bolsheviks – followers of Lenin 1905 – Lenin and Trotsky (in exile) plan next revolt

The February Revolt (1917) Causes: –Poor showing in Russo-Japanese War reduced credibility –Failure to carryout promised reforms of October Manifesto –Terrible economic and human costs of World War I Massive food shortages in urban areas, especially Petrograd

Mass strike in Petrograd, February 1917

Abdication and Provisional Government Nicholas II abdicated throne on March 15 Duma declared provisional government on March 12, 1917 –Consisted of constitutional democrats and liberals (favored continuation of war) Petrograd controlled by Soviet which consisted of workers and soldiers –Controlled by Mensheviks; initially favored cooperation with Provisional Government

Alexander Kerensky (in white) led provisional government in 1917 gave Provisional Government temporary legitimacy yet rejected idea of outright revolution. Anarchy erupted under his watch.

Petrograd protest after provisional government troops fire on crowd, July 1917

The October Revolution Lenin returned to Russia in April 1917 with assistance of Germans April Theses – Lenin rejected any cooperation with bourgeois provisional government –Called for a socialist revolution with nationalization of banks and landed estates –“All power to the Soviets”, “ All land to the peasants” Lenin forced to flee to Finland but maintained leadership; Bolsheviks gain majority in Petrograd Soviet by summer of 1917

October 25 – Trotsky led the Soviet overthrow and arrest of Provisional government Secret police, Cheka, created in December to eliminated opponents Elections for Constituent Assembly in January Bolsheviks received 28% of votes Red Army used to take control Bolsheviks renamed Communist Party

Bolsheviks charge the Winter Palace, October 1917

Lenin’s Reforms Lenin gave land to peasants Individual factories controlled by committees of workers Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – immediate end to war Capital moved from Petrograd to Moscow Trotsky reorganized army These actions resulted in great resistance and caused Civil War

Russian Civil War ( ) Reds (Bolsheviks) vs. Whites (old army and 18 groups claiming legitimacy) –Allies sent troops to help Whites; hoped Russia would rejoin the war Russian communists would never forget they were invaded by the U.S. and their Allies War Communism – earliest form of socialism in Soviet Union –Declared all land nationalized –State took control of heavy industry and ended private trade –Secret police used to suppress opponents Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) formed 1922

From the German Point of View  Lost—but not forgotten country.  Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory Disgruntled German WWI veterans

Maimed German WW I Veteran

German “Revolutions” [1918]

German Freikorps

Sparticist Poster

The Spartacist League Rosa Luxemburg [ ] murdered by the Freikorps

Friedrich Ebert: First President of the Weimar Republic

The German Government:

The German Mark

The French in the Ruhr: 1923

The French Occupation of the Ruhr

The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized

Hitler in Landesberg Prison

Mein Kampf [My Struggle]

European Debts to the United States

The Dawes Plan (1924)

The Young Plan (1930) For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.

Weimar Germany: Political Representation [ ] Political Parties in the Reichstag May 1924 Dec May 1928 Sep July 1932 Nov Mar Communist Party (KPD) Social Democratic Party (SDP) Catholic Centre Party (BVP) Nationalist Party (DNVP) Nazi Party (NSDAP) Other Parties

Benito Mussolini [ ]

Background Began as a socialist revolutionary but turns against liberalism and tries to win over conservatives Fails to create a true totalitarian state Italy was liberal: male sufferage/parlia. Social divide…many poor Catholics and conservatives oppose liberal policies

Italian Fasces

More Mussolini Violently anti-democratic (expelled from the Socialist Party…supported allies) Organized bitter war vets (fascists) Blends nationalist/socialist –Expansion, worker benefits Turns against socialism to gain major support BS attacked/bullied socialists and destroyed opposition property

March on Rome [1922] -Demanded the resignation of the current government & to be appointed king. -Fascists/Black Shirts march to scare the king…VE3 agrees to his anti-liberalism and allows him a cabinet and dictatorial powers for one year.

Fascist Youth

Other programs/actions Revokes freedom of the press and fixes elections Arrested political opponents, disbanded unions, controlled schools –Taxed bachelors and limited women –Created fascist unions, schools… “Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state” NOT: overtly racist or anti-semitic, a police state, a murdering madman, a successful totalitarian leader

Lateran Treaty [1929] -Recognized the Papacy and created Vatican City -Heavy financial support to the Church -Pope urges Catholics to support Mussolini

Ramsay MacDonald: 1924, 1929 Labour Party

Stanley Baldwin Conservative Party

1926 General Strike Trades Disputes Act (1927):  All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.  It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes. Trades Disputes Act (1927):  All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.  It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.

Raymond Poincaré & the Conservative Right  He sent French troops into the Ruhr in  Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].  After : New taxes & tightened tax collections. Drastic decline in govt. spending that stabilized the franc [the threat of runaway inflation was avoided!]  He sent French troops into the Ruhr in  Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].  After : New taxes & tightened tax collections. Drastic decline in govt. spending that stabilized the franc [the threat of runaway inflation was avoided!]

Edouard Herriot & the French Socialists   Progressive social reform.  Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.  Committed to private enterprise and private property.  Fervently anti-clerical.   Progressive social reform.  Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.  Committed to private enterprise and private property.  Fervently anti-clerical.

League of Nations Members

Washington Naval Conference [ ] U. S. Britain Japan France Italy

The Maginot Line

Locarno Pact: 1925

Gustave Stresemann (Ger.) Aristide Briand (Fr.) Austin Chamberlain (Br.)  Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of  Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.  Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of  Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928  15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.  Problem  no way of enforcement.  15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.  Problem  no way of enforcement.

George Grosz Grey Day (1921) George Grosz Grey Day (1921) DaDa

George Grosz The Pillars of Society (1926) George Grosz The Pillars of Society (1926) DaDa

Picasso  Studio with Plaster Head [1925] Cubism

Georges Braque  Still Life LeJeur [1929] Cubism

Walter Gropius  Bauhaus Bldg. [1928] Bauhaus

The Great Depression [ ] Paris in 1930 London in 1930

German Unemployment:

The Great Depression [ ]

Decrease in World Trade:

The “New Napoleons?”

Hitler