The End of the Concert of Europe 19 th century

The Crimean War [ ] The Crimean War [ ] Russia [claimed protector ship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…

Keep the “Sick Man of Europe” in Good Health!

The Crimean War [ ]

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c “The Sicker Man of Europe”

Nationalism Definition: All peoples derive their identities from their nations, which are defined by common language, shared cultural traditions and sometimes religion When such “nations” do not coincide with state boundaries, nationalism can produce violence and warfare as different national groups compete for the same territory

Italian Unification

1830  Failed Attempts at Independence  Metternich sent troops to crush Revolutions in 3 Italian States

Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Italian unification: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Revolutions  Guiseppe Mazinni  Risorgimento (Resurgence)  Young Italy  2 lessons from the failures  Need foreign help  Rely on Piedmont for leadership

1849 – 1878 Victor Emanuel Savoy  King of Piedmont  Provided the leadership needed

1852 fCount Cavour in named Prime Minister of Piedmont fEconomic Expansion fBuilt roads, canals, & railroads fExpanded credit fStimulated investment in new Industries

1858 – Agreement with Napoleon III  In Compensation France would get:  Piedmont’s provinces of Nice and Savoy  A Kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon III’s cousin Prince Napoleon

1859 – The Austrian War  To make it “justifiable” – Piedmont provoked Austria  July II, 1859 – France made Peace w/ Austria  Thought war would be too long and costly  Prussia had mobilized

Plebiscites  Nationalists had taken control in some Northern Italian States  Plebiscites agreed to join Piedmont

Girabaldi  Italian Patriot  Revolt had broken in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies  1,000 Red Shirts landed in Sicily on May 11, 1860  By July 1860 Sicily was under Control

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

1860 – Kingdom of Italy  Garibaldi yielded to Cavour

GermanUNIFICATION

Zollverein, 1834

 1858 – King Frederick William IV – declared insane  Brother William becomes regent  1861 – Frederick William IV dies  William I takes the throne A NEW PRUSSIAN KING

A DIVIDED GERMANY A DIVIDED GERMANY  Loose federation of 39 States  Controlled by 2 Powers  Austria – Hapsburgs  Prussia Hohenzollern

German Unification Who would lead German Unification? Austria or Prussia? King Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck as Chancellor in 1862 Bismarck ruled Prussia and ignored the Reichstag (Parliament) Politics of Reality- “Realpolitik”

 Prussian Junker  1851 – King Frederick William IV appointed him representative to the diet of the German Confederation

 Convinced – Germany too small for Austria & Prussia  1859 –ambassador to Russia  1862 – ambassador to France

Otto von Bismarck.... The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

Prussia and other German states

The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna Prussia would administer Schleswig, and Austria, Holstein

The German Confederation

Prussia/Austria Rivalry

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III. Journalists in both countries stirred up nationalist feelings

Franco- Prussian War [ ] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Franco- Prussian War [ ]

Franco-Prussian War The French public demanded war The Prussians captured Napoleon with his army on September 2, 1870 The Second Empire fell on September 4, 1870 January, William was proclaimed Kaiser of a new, imperial Germany Peace signed in May required France to cede the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and to pay a multibillion-franc indemnity

Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

Austria-Hungary Emperor Francis Joseph, Government abolished most internal customs barriers, freed trade with Germany and sold off most of the state- owned railway system German language was used by the administration City of Vienna underwent extensive rebuilding

Austria-Hungary Reichsrat- a more modern parliament, dominated by liberals Hungarian Magyars demanded home rule and the emperor was forced to accept a “dual monarchy” After 1867, the Hungarians mostly ruled themselves Hungarian demands strengthened those of the other nationalities in the empire for the same privileges