The Russian Revolution Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin. Once he’s gone, Stalin had the picture altered where Trotsky is removed.

Russian Imperial Flag

A heterogeneous empire Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in Crimean War Started reforms & Industrial Revolution Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861] Zemstvos formed 1864- judicial reforms Expanded Russia’s boundaries Stopped Populist Revolts and not People’s Will

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary…no more reforms!!!! Slavophil Russification heightened Pogroms toward Jews Forced migration of Jews ‘Iron Fist’ rule Harassed Catholics and Protestants Tightened Censorship

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Nicholas II (1894-1917) Last of the Romanovs Encouraged industrialization Trans Siberian Railroad Still mainly an agriculture country lots of rural poverty and overpopulation

Growth of Radicalism Social Democrats- (Mensheviks and Bolsheviks) Marxist will split into these two groups. Lenin headed the Bolsheviks. Mainly industrial workers. Socialist Revolution Party- mainly peasants and workers. Union of Liberation- Middle class liberals who wanted a constitutional monarchy

1905 Revolution After loss to Japan (1904-5), government was seen as weak by the people ‘Bloody Sunday’- troops fired into peaceful crowd in St. Petersburg’s Winter Palace. Caused demonstrations and strikes throughout Russia October Manifesto- 1905- Nicholas tries to stop outbreak, creates a constitution (Fundamental Laws) granting civil rights and creating a Duma & legalized political parties Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Octobrist (m.c. liberals), Cadets (const. demo’s)

Post Revolution 1906 & 1907 1st and 2nd Duma’s created, but dissolved by Nicholas 1906 Agrarian Reform Act- gave peasants land hoping to create a landowning society who would vote for the conservatives Too late…revolution and war will engulf Russia

CAUSES: World War I  Russia not prepared Czar Nicholas II  Unpopular & Incompetent (Rasputin influence) Hunger, War losses, unemployment

1917 March 8, Bread March March 10: Nicholas orders troops to put down revolt  Troops join revolt March 15: Nicholas abdicates  Provisional Government Takes over

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT Alexander Kerensky: Continued war out of pride Duma: Main governing body Petrograd Soviet For workers to voice grievances Leadership becomes more radical Bolsheviks: Vladimir Lenin  Marxist beliefs

OCTOBER REVOLUTION November 6-7, 1917 Bolshevik forces seize Winter Palace and Provisional Government collapses Britain, France, Japan and U.S. fear spread of socialism; send troops

CONSOLIDATING POWER Lenin ends war: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 Bringing peace gains the Bolsheviks the support of many people July 1918 – Czar Nicholas II and family executed by Bolsheviks Civil War begins

REDS vs. WHITES (Civil War) REDS: Communists  fighting for single interest Power spread due to well-disciplined army (Leon Trotsky) United under one cause WHITES: Anti-Communist  fighting against the communists Failed due to: disunity Multiple causes

RESULTS Reds retain control by using “The Red Terror” Lack of foreign intervention: over 100,000 allied troops in Russia, fail to act By 1922, Bolsheviks firmly in power-Soviet Union (USSR) created.

AFTERMATH Lenin dies in 1924 Although Trotsky had been most likely to succeed Lenin, he is outmaneuvered by Josef Stalin Trotsky flees into exile (later assassinated) Stalin leads USSR through WWII and into Cold War

Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin. Once he’s gone, Stalin had the picture altered where Trotsky is removed.

What is the difference in this picture? Why was this done? Who do you think did this? Question is: Who would do this, and why?

Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin Communist Propaganda – Trotsky is seen here at a speech given by Lenin. Once he’s gone, Stalin had the picture altered where Trotsky is removed.