Immunity [Innate and Acquired Immunity]

Biotechnology RED: Medical Area GREEN: Agriculture/Food Science WHITE: Bioprocess Engineering

20 th Century: Physical Science 21 st Century: Life Science 21 st Century: Integrated Science BIO is at the core ! Areas at the interface

BIO Physics Chemistry Mathematics Nanotechnology IT & ET Engineering

Drug Development - clinical trials phase I: healthy volunteers [safety evaluation] phase II: diseased individuals [safety and efficacy] phase III: hundreds to thousands patients multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) protocol phase IV: vigilant post-marketing surveillance - toxicity : major cause of drug rejection

Biotech. Industry

Biotech. & Pharm.

Biological drugs in Pharm.

Drug approvals

Antibody drugs 항체약품 저분자 화합물 약품 전임상 이전 개발 기간 1-2 년 5 년 개발 비용 2 백만불 20 백만불 부작용 예측 쉽다. 어렵다. 개발 실패 드물다. 가끔 있다. 전체적 특성 독성드물다. 예측하기 힘들다. 라이선스판매 임상 I 이후 임상 II 이후 성공율 20% 5% 이하 한 공장에서 여러 약품 생산 긴 반감기. 생산비 $ /g 매우 낮다.

Biological drugs

Antibody industry

More than 400 antibodies are in clinical trial currently. The annual sale of biological drugs in 2003 was $30 billion. The annual sale of therapeutic antibodies in 2003 was $7.2 billion. (Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics - Current Market Dynamics & Future Outlook, AS Insights, June 1, 2004)AS Insights More than 100 antibodies will be approved before (V. Bryan Lawlis, Diosynth ATP in Cary, NC) The market size of antibodies will be $26 billion in (Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics - Current Market Dynamics & Future Outlook, AS Insights, June 1, 2004)AS Insights

Approved Therapeutic Abs AntibodyTarget IndicationSalesProducer (million $) OKT3CD3Acute kidney transplantation rejection (Ortho Biotech/J & J) DigibindDigoxinDigoxin poisoning (Glaxo/Welcome) Herceptin HER- 2 Metastatic.breast cancer (03) (Genentech/MedImmune) 117.7(2Q/04) ZenapaxIL2 R-aKindney transplantation rejection (Protein Design Labs/Roche) SimulectIL2 R-aAcute organ rejection (Norvatis) RituxanCD20Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma1,489.1 (03) (Genentech/Roche) * 424.7(2Q/04) PanorexCA17-1AColorectal cancer (GlaxoSmithKline / Centocor) RemicadeTNFaCrohn’s disease & Rheumatoid arthritis (02)(Centocor/Schering-Plough) * ReoproPlateletIschemic cardiac complications (02)(Centocor/Eli Lilly) * SynagisRSVRSV infection (03)(MedImmune) MylotargCD33Relapsed CD33-positive AML (calicheamin) (Celltech/Wyeth-Ayerst) CampathCD52B cell CLL (Millenium Ph/Schering AG) Zevalin CD20Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (I111 & Y90) (IDEC) HumiraTNFRhematoid arthritis 149.0(1Q/04)(Abbot) Xolair IgEAsthma 30.0(1Q/04)(Genentech/Novartis) BexxarCD20Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (I131) (03)(Corixa/Glaxo-SmithKline) RaptivaCD11aMod.. severe plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis 6.3(1Q/04)(Xoma/Genentech) AvastinVEGFMetastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum 133.0(2Q/04)(Genetech) ErbituxEGFREGFR-expressing, metastatic colorectal cancer 17.5(1Q/04)(Brystol-Myer-Squibb, Imclone) EmbrelTNFRA, Polyarticular juvenile RA, psoriatic arthritis, 397,0(1Q/04)(Amgen) ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis Murine Antibody Chimeric Antibody Humanized Antibody

Hypervariable and framework regions --- Complementarity determining regions (CDR)

The market for therapeutic antibodies is exponentially growing !!

Chronicle of Therapeutic Abs Source: Duckworth J, Fisken J, “Investing in new therapeutic technologies.” Current Drug Discovery. 2002;2:29–32. Reprinted with permission.

Sources of Therapeutic Abs 1.Human B cell (Recombinant DNA technology) Source of B cell (amount, validation) Ethical Issues on Immunization 2. Hybridoma technology Mouse immunization Limited Screening HAMA (human anti-mouse antibody response) effect  Ab engineering required 3. Phage display Naive, immunized and synthetic libraries 4. Immunized animal Immunogenecity problem

Phage display

Higher chance of good clone selection

Process for Ther. Ab develop. Target Discovery - Genomics - Proteomics Antibody Generation - Naïve - Immunized - Fab - scFv - Domain New format - Andrea’s group - Plastibody Conformation of antigen Polishing - Phage - Phagemid - Non-biological Affinity maturation Localization Half life extension - Drug conjugate - Isotope labeling - Enzyme labeling (ADEPT) - Bispecific Production Mammalian - Prokaryotic - Plant - Transgenic chicken - Cell panning (Raven, Affitech’s CBAS, Health Canada) - Antibody repertoire directed - Animal model based (Lexicon) Pre- & clinical Trial Every good antibody can be a drug! Humanization