Friday 2/28 Industrial Revolution Objective: Identify and describe the conditions of early cottage industries. Discussion: In your opinion, what 1 invention has had the biggest impact on the world?

The Industrial Revolution A cotton mill in Lancashire, England, ca. 1834

What was the Industrial Revolution? Some definitions: –The change from an agrarian to an industrial economy –The change from a largely rural, handicraft economy to one dominated by urban, machine-driven manufacturing –Changes that mark the transition from a primarily rural civilization characterized by agriculture and a handicraft economy, to a primarily urban civilization characterized by machine-powered industry, featuring a more complex society

The Industrial Revolution: Other Characteristics New energy sources –Steam –Electricity –Oil New forms of organization –The factory system –The joint stock investment bank New means of transportation –Steamships –Railroads –Automobiles New industries –Coal –Iron –Steel –Chemicals “The Triumph of Steam and Electricity”

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? Rise of science Increasing productivity in agriculture Expanding population Merchant tradition; entrepreneurial spirit; capitalist philosophy Geography –Coal deposits –Navigable rivers –Natural harbors –Island location Global trading, slave labor, gold & silver of the New World State-supported economic development Constitutionalism; Locke’s philosophy (property!)

The Industrial Revolution: Some important milestones The textile industry –Flying shuttle (John Kay, 1733) –Water frame (Richard Arkwright, 1769) –Spinning Jenny (Richard Hargreaves, 1770) –Spinning Mule (Samuel Crompton, 1779) –Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney, 1793) –These innovations began the mechanization of an existing industry: textiles Whitney’s Cotton Gin

The Industrial Revolution: Some important milestones Steam engine (James Watt, 1769) Steamships (Robert Fulton, The Clermont, 1807) Railroads (George Stephenson’s Rocket, 1829) These developments characterize some of the important developments of the “1 st ” Industrial Revolution; after 1850, steel, electricity, and chemicals marked a “2 nd ” Industrial Revolution that lasted through the mid-20 th century.

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution Urbanization –Overcrowding –Crime –Sanitation Population growth Social change: new social classes –Middle class (bourgeoisie) –Urban working class (proletariat) Rise in overall standard of living Split between producer and consumer Era saw rise of classical liberal political and economic thought, as well as the appearance of communism Tenements in Manchester, England, ca.1850

Impact of Industrialization on Society As nations began to industrialize changes occurred in their social and economic systems People began to study these effects and came up with theories to explain or improve the conditions of the workers and the factory owners