Warm-up & Something to think about… Explain where you think most precipitation falls on Earth? Why? Why is it so hard to find freshwater on Earth?

WARM-UP 3 inferences 2 observations 1 rational reason why freshwater icebergs float in saltwater sea

Let It Flow pg 11 in TOC

Most precipitation falls where? Most precipitation falls in the ocean. Nearly ¾ our planet is covered by oceans.

Does this precipitation remain freshwater? No, it is absorbed by the ocean & turns salty –The saltiness of water is called salinity –But why? Water is called the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT because many other substances dissolve in it Water ranges from dissolving nutrients from rocks and soils to dissolving things such as gases in the air

Still, over ¼ of precipitation falls over land…Where does this water go?

A lot of the water that hits land seeps into the ground through permeable rock (substance in which liquids can flow through) into aquifers we can access by wells & springs If the water doesn’t absorb into the ground it is run-off.

Run-off happens over areas called drainage or river basins. The goal of all run-off is to move from higher land to the lowest point, which is the ocean

Divides and gravity are responsible for helping water flow downward into river basins Each river basin is made up of smaller watersheds (Place where water drains)

Here is an example of River or Drainage Basin. Let’s identify the watersheds How many smaller watersheds are in this river/drainage basin? At least 9, maybe more?

So let’s draw a river basin…

RUN-OFF Fully explain watersheds, river basins, divides, and estuaries Tell why these are important Give me at least 3 unique facts about estuaries Picture AQUIFER Explain all parts of an aquifer Draw and label all parts Explain how aquifers clean water What’s the difference between a spring and artesian well WATER CYCLE Fully explain all parts of the water cycle What happens if one part is missing Is there a starting point of the water cycle? Explain rationale picture WATER DISTRIBUTION Explain water distribution on Earth How much of the planet is covered in water What percentage salt water vs. fresh water Freshwater percentages of frozen vs. free flowing water Picture

Warmup Explain where and how we access majority of our drinking water. Minimum of 4 sentences

Estuaries Estuaries have twice the life because 2 ecosystems are colliding This is where freshwater (from rivers, streams, creeks) meets saltwater (ocean) Also known as brackish water

Estuaries have…. Double the plant life Double the nutrients Double the breeding & feeding possibilities

2 types of estuary: SALT MARSH Atlantic Carolina coasts Stinky cord grass Absorbs tons of moisture MANGROVES Louisiana & gulf Hurricane proof trees Absorbs tons of moisture

2 types of estuary: SALT MARSH Atlantic Carolina coasts Nutrient rich soil promotes growth of grasses MANGROVES Louisiana & gulf Hurricane proof trees due to thick tree roots Absorbs tons of moisture Great breeding grounds--nursery

2 types of estuaries SALT MARSH Atlantic Carolina coasts Nutrient rich soil promotes growth of grasses barrier against waves Great breeding grounds MANGROVES Louisiana & gulf Hurricane proof trees due to thick tree roots Great nursery

So where does estuaries fit on our hand/arm model

Now that we have looked at run-off, what about Groundwater Who thinks they can tell me what groundwater is?

Most our FRESH DRINKING WATER comes from UNDERGROUND

Fresh Earth under our feet can be measured 3 ways: 1. grain size (size of the bits) 2. porosity (space between the bits) 3. permeability (how fast something passes through)

Make a quick table substancegrain size (large, small, super fine) porosity (high, medium, low) permeability (fast, slow, none) gravel sand clay

Questions to answer Which sample was more permeable to water? Which sample was least permeable? Why did water move faster through some materials then others. GIVE FULL EXPLAINATION If I were trying to create an aquifer, in what order would these materials be arranged? Explain What did you learn from this demo?

You should have this… substancegrain size (large, small, super fine) porosity (high, medium, low) permeabilit y (fast, slow, none) gravellargehighfast sandsmallmediumslow claysuper finelownot permeable

Groundwater is found almost everywhere under the ground, filling in spaces between sand, rock, and soil. Below the Earth’s surface, groundwater accumulates in permeable soil known as aquifers.

The water table is the top level that water settles underground

1.Is the land above a water table permeable or impermeable? How do you know? 2.Is the land below the water table permeable or impermeable? How do you know? 3.When looking at the diagram, how do we normally access groundwater 4.Explain what the diagram is trying to environmentally warn us about?

Ways to get groundwater to surface 1.Man-made Well – pipe dug into ground to extract water from aquifer 2.Artesian Well – water flows naturally to surface because it’s under pressure 3.Spring – water flows to surface because surface of land dips below water table 4.Hot Spring/Geyser – water heated up by rocks, pushes up to surface due to pressure

Here’s another example of a spring that must be holding back some water beyond this impermeable rock

But why can’t our water stay fresh… Water is a universal solvent (it can dissolve other substances)

Solvent – the liquid in which a substance is dissolved when a solution is formed Ex1. Water (solvent) in saltwater lakes Ex2. water (solvent) in Koolaid drink mix

Solute – the substance that is being dissolved when a solution is formed Ex1. Salt (solute) in saltwater lakes Ex2. Koolaid powder (solute) in Koolaid drink mix

Solution – a mixture of one or more substances with water that forms a clear, colored, or colorless liquid Ex1. water (solvent) + salt (solute) = saltwater lake (solution) Ex2. water (solvent) + Koolaid powder (solute) = Koolaid drink mix (solution)

Identify the solvent, solute, and solution

solvent solute solution

Remember…. Solutes dissolve in solvents to make a solution.

Mrs. Ralph wanted your help making her usual morning cup of English Tea. She then decided to see how smart you were and asked: – You to identify the parts: Solute, solution, and solvent –Explain a way you can separate the water from the other contents after its already been mixed