Traffic & Road Safety Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand Transport Engineering Research New Zealand Ltd., PO Box 97846, South Auckland Mail Centre, New Zealand Driving while conversing Cell phones that distract and passengers who react 報告者：楊子群 Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Participants Sample : 119 participant. Remove 7 participant.  Mechanical failures(5)  Eyestrain or dizziness(2) Of the 64 participants.(the other 48 served as conversors for the drivers)  87% indicated they owned a cell phone.  Converse as they drove :78.6% (51.8% used it weekly or more often)  Cell phone to send and receive text messages while they drove:66.1% (51.8% used it weekly or more often) Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Apparatus  Complete automobile.(BMW 314i)  Three angled projection surface.  Four speaker located inside the car.  A digital video camera. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Simulation scenario 5 Hazard 1 overtaking lane Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Experiment design Between subjects. Independent Variable 4 Group (16 Participants, 50% male) Randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups. Dependent Variable Mean seed Mean deceleration RT(sec) Mean deceleration TTC(sec) Mean utterance length Mean number of pauses Mean % SA utterances Mean % hazards recalled Driving Difficulty Total number of crashes Percent of drivers 1.Control 2.Passenger 3.Cell phone 4.Remote passenger Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Procedure [Step1] Introduction [Step2] Consent agreement [Step3] Brief questionnaire about background and cell phone use. [Step4] Short practice. [Step5] Participants in Groups 2 to 4 then self-selected which the pair. Can any topics,conversation card be used of no topics. [Step6] experiment(24min) [Step7] asked to rate the difficulty of driving the simulated on a 7-point scale 1=easy 7=extremely Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Vehicle speeds(1/3) Significant difference Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Vehicle speeds(2/3) Unuivariate analyses at each hazard site showed significant group differences: Hazard 1(busy intersection) Hazard 3(one-lane bridge) Hazard 4(road works) Hazard 5(landslip) Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Vehicle speeds(3/3) Post hoc pair-wise Significantly lower than Marginally lower than Hazard1 Passenger < cell phone remote passenger Control < cell phone (p<0.06) remote passenger (p<0.07). Hazard3 Hazard4 Control < cell phone Passenger < cell phone (p<0.055) Hazard2 No significant Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Reaction time and time-to-collision(1/3) Mean deceleration RT Mean deceleration TTC Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Reaction time and time-to-collision(2/3) One-way multivariate analysis id variance for four group. Four remaining hazard sites(Hazards2-5) indicated a significant effect. (p<0.01) Univariate analyses of the two deceleration measures significant differences: Hazards3 Hazards4 Hazards5 Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Reaction time and time-to- collision(3/3) Significantly Good=>long Good=>short No Significantly Significantly A B B A B B A>B A B B A B B A A B B A A B B Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Discourse measures 愛 Post hoc comparisons Significantly A > B > C A B C A B C A BA B A B A>B Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Difficulty ratings, hazard recall, and crashes No Significantly Post hoc comparisons Significantly Post hoc comparisons Significantly A B Most memorable hazard for the participants was the landslip. Perhaps this was the last to appear. A>B A B Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Difficulty ratings, hazard recall, and crashes occurring at Hazard 3(one-lane bridge) – 61.9% Hazard 2(parked car entering traffic)-33.3% Chi-square analysis. Significant difference between the four groups. A B A>B Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1 Results -Overtaking No significant differences in speeds measured at four point. (control 、 passenger 、 cell phone 、 Remote passenger) Optimal number that could be safely overtaken was two vehicles. 68.8% 50% Chi-square analysis. Marginally Significant difference Driving Behavior Simulation Lab