Principles of Design

PROPORTION  Size relationships found within an object or design  Commonly we think of ratios  Certain proportions create a more pleasing effect –People prefer rectangles to squares (windows, rugs, picture frames, etc.) –Unequal divisions of space are preferred over equal divisions

The Golden Section  Study by ancient Greeks  Dividing a line between 1/3 and ½  Ratio of the larger segment to the smaller segment = ratio of whole line to larger segment 1/3 1/2 1/3

The Golden Rectangle  Most visually satisfying rectangle- not too skinny, not too fat  Approximate golden rectangle pattern: 2,3,5,8,13  Two consecutive numbers are close to a golden rec

SCALE  How the size of an object or space relates to human beings and to other objects or spaces in a design  Rooms and furnishings should be designed for the person who will use them

BALANCE  Provides a feeling of equality  Occurs when the amount, size, or weight of objects on both sides of a center point is equal

Symmetrical Balance  Arrangement forms on one side of an imaginary central line is the mirror image of the forms on the opposite side  Suggests rest and calm-more formal

Asymmetrical Balance  Elements on either side of an imaginary central line are unmatched, but appear to be in balance  Informal  Consider apparent weight

RHYTHM  Connected movement between different parts of a design  Can be created with texture, line, colors, or forms  Should not be overused  Examples: fabrics, quilt, folds in draperies

Types of Rhythm  Repetition-repeating a pattern to help lead the eye from one point to another (ex. Color, design in flooring)  Radiation-lines radiate, or move outward, from a central point (ex. Chairs around a round table, small pictures surrounding a larger one)  Gradation-increasing or decreasing in size, color, or pattern (ex. Different sizes of candles)

Types of Rhythm continued  Opposition-When lines come together to form right angles (ex. Square corners of a doorway, couch with the arms at right angles to the back)  Transition-When lines change direction by flowing in a curve, or when curved lines lead the eye from one object to another (ex. Arched doorways, a sofa with a back that curves in the arms)

EMPHASIS  Center of interest, focal point  Could be one large piece or a grouping of smaller pieces  Should be dominant but not overpowering  Examples: large bouquet of flowers, stone fireplace, large cabinet, grouping of artwork

UNITY & VARIETY  Unity-all the parts of a design are related by one idea –Gives a harmonious design –Items do not have to match! Similar characteristics are what matter (ex. Furniture with curved lines)  Variety-adds interest to room –Do not carry it too far!