Characteristics of Life Monachus schauinslandi `Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua

The Characteristics of Living Things Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation)

–Living things are made of the same materials as everything else in the universe Atoms are assembled into molecules Living things are more organized, more complex –Living things require energy to carry out life processes Great Complexity and Organization

Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biosphere

Atoms

Some Elements

Simple Inorganic Molecules Water (H 2 O) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Molecular Oxygen (O 2 ) Ammonium (NH 3 ) Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Categories: Lipids ProteinsNucleic Acids Carbohydrates Biological Compounds

Combining the Organic Building Block Molecules + o GlucoseFructoseGlucoseFructose OHH H2OH2O Sucrose CH 2 OH

Polysaccharides Proteins Nucleic Acids Fats Polysaccharides Proteins Nucleic Acids Fats Macromolecules (usually polymers)

Cell Organelles mitochondria smooth ER nucleus golgi rough ER

Cells Osteocyte Nerve cell Blood cell Muscle cell

Levels of Body Organization

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

The Biosphere

carbon atom organ system DNA molecule organellecell tissue organ organismpopulation community ecosystem biosphere

The Characteristics of Living Things Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation)

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Animal Cell

Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Classification: Six kingdom system : Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Archaebacteria E. coliCyanobacteria ParameciumDiatomSlime mold EUKARIAEUKARIA

The Characteristics of Living Things Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation)

Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Development

The Characteristics of Living Things Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation)

DNA Contains information for almost all cell activities

Mechanisms for Genetic Change Genetic Recombination Mutation Chromosomal Aberration Genetic Recombination Mutation Chromosomal Aberration

Genetic Recombination

Mutation Sickle cell Normal RBC

Downs Klinefelter’s syndrome XYY Chromosomal Aberration DiGeorge Syndrome

The Characteristics of Living Things Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation)

The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc. Anabolism- build up of complex molecules Catabolism- break down of complex molecules Metabolism

Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy

Photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Autotrophs Organisms that make their own food (like plants, some protists, and some bacteria) Plants capture energy from the sun, use water and carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

Heterotrophs Organisms that take in food to meet their energy needs Animals must consume autotrophs (plants), and other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs

Homeostasis Relatively stable internal environment

All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly Temperature pH Ions Water Hormones Homeostasis

Negative Feedback vs Positive Feedback

Body Temperature Regulation Negative Feedback

Blood Sugar Levels Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

The Characteristics of Living Things Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation)

–Living things interact with each other and with the environment –Ecology – the study of these interactions Hawaiian Monk seals eat fish Humans eat fish What if something happened to the fish? Interaction with the environment

The Characteristics of Living Things Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation)

Evolution Change in the genetic composition of a population through time

–Inherited change in the characteristics of organisms over time –Living things are slowly changing –Process of natural selection results in change over time –Organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those favorable genes Evolution

Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change Production of heritable variations Natural Selection Chance

–Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring –Instructions from parent to offspring are passed on in the form of genes Heredity

Heritable variations Blood type Dwarfism Beak Depth Banding pattern Eye color

Adaptations The structural, functional, and behavioral features that contribute to the success of a species.

Natural Selection Peppered Moths: study in England 1800’s More light than dark moths Industrial pollution turned trees dark Population shifted to mostly dark moths

Natural Selection

INQUIRY 1.In the equation for photosynthesis and respiration which is the organic molecule? 2.List 3 mechanisms for genetic change. 3.Why did the population of dark moths proliferate? 4.Define homeostasis. 5.Why is positive feedback not always beneficial for the body? 6.Which process produces genetic change: asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction? 7.Compare plant versus animal cell.