Starter 9/1/09 p 53 # 7 Time to finish starter

Starter 9/2/09 p 53 #’s 1-5 Time to finish starter

Classification The arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Living and extinct are classified

Why? Make sense of the great number and diversity of organisms, living and extinct. Makes it easier to study characteristics of and relationships between different organisms, they are grouped according to their shared characteristics and their relationship.

Carolus Linnaeus Swedish physician and botanist who is the founder of taxonomy—the science of describing, classifying, and naming living things. He identified according to shared characteristics

Modern Classification Based on shared characteristics and how closely related living things are The more characteristics organisms share the closer the relationship.

Branching Diagrams Shows similarities and differences Animals with branches close to each other share a common ancestor (are closely related) Branches split when a species develops a unique unshared characteristic

8 Levels of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Did King Phillip Come Over From Great Spain Do Kings Play Chess On Fat Guys’ Stomachs

Scientific Naming When classifying an organism, biologists give it a scientific name which never changes 2-part name in Latin or Greek (helps to avoid confusion between languages—used worldwide, scientists can communicate) 1 st word: genus (capitalized), 2 nd : species (lowercase)—both parts are underlined or italicized Indian elephant—Elephas maximus (E. maximus)

Dichotomous Keys Special guides that aid in identifying unknown organisms Several pairs of descriptive statements that have only 2 alternative responses Answers lead to other steps Organism is eventually identified

1. a. This mammal flies. Its hand is formed into a wing. Little brown bat b. This mammal does not fly. Go to step 2 2. a. This mammal has a naked (no fur) tail. Go to step 3 b. This mammal doesn’t have a naked tail. Go to step 4 3. a. This mammal has a short, naked tail. Eastern mole b. This mammal has a long, naked tail. Go to step 5 4. a. This mammal has a black mask across its face. Raccoon b. This mammal does not have a black mask across its face. Go to step 6 5. a. This mammal has a tail that is flattened and shaped like a paddle. Beaver b. This mammal has a tail that is not flattened or shaped like a paddle. Opossum 6. a. This mammal is brown with a white underbelly. Go to step 7 b. This mammal is not brown with a white underbelly. Go to step 8 7. a. This mammal has a long, furry tail that is black on the tip. Longtail weasel b. This mammal has a long tail without much fur. White-footed mouse 8. a. This mammal is black with a narrow white stripe on its forehead and broad white stripes on its back. Striped skunk b. This mammal is not black with white stripes. Go to step 9 9. a. This mammal has long ears and a short, cottony tail. Eastern cottontail b. This mammal has short ears and a medium-length tail. Woodchuck

1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2 b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton …..go to step 3 2. a. body has a round shape …………………...ladybug b. body has an elongated shape …………..grasshopper 3. a. wings point out from the side of body……dragonfly b. wings point to the posterior of the body ….housefly

Starter 9/7/10 – Section Review p 53

Domains and Kingdoms For a long time, all organisms were classified into 2 kingdoms: Plantae or Animalia. Euglena were discovered— characteristics of both plants and animals. What now??

Domains and Kingdoms 3 Domains: Archaea –Kingdom Archebacteria Bacteria –Kingdom Eubacteria Eukarya –4 Kingdoms: –Prostista –Fungi –Plantae –Animalia

Domain Archaea “Archae” = “ancient” Live in extreme environments –Hot springs –Deep ocean vents Tiny single-celled organisms, prokaryotes (no nuclei or membrane bound organells).

Domain Bacteria Tiny single-celled organisms, prokaryotes (____________). Most bacteria Live in soil, water, human body Escherichia coli –In intestines –Produce vitamin K

Domain Eukarya All organisms that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Four Kingdoms: –Protista –Fungi –Plantae –Animalia

Protista Single-celled or simple multicellular Can act like plants, animals, or fungus but are not plants, animals, or fungi Most diverse Protozoa (animal-like), algae and kelp (plant- like), slime molds/water molds(fungus-like)

Fungi Complex, multicellular A fungus called Penicillum produces penicillin, an antibiotic. Yeast is used in bread making Absorb nutrients from surroundings after breaking them down with digestive juices (decomposers-nature’s recyclers) Molds, mushrooms, yeast Reproduce by using spores

Starter 9/13/10 – p

Plantae Complex multicellular Photosynthetic— capture sun’s energy to make sugar Plant cells have cell walls Vary in size and form

Animalia Complex multicellular Move from place to place Nervous systems that help sense and react They must ingest/eat their food Depend on bacteria and fungi to recycle nutrients in dead organisms