PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Four Main Stages 1. Synthesis of Amino acid 2. Transcription (formation of RNA) 3. Amino acid activation 4. Translation

Synthesis of Amino acid IN PLANT occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Synthesis of Amino acid NITRATE AMINO GROUPS REDUCTION AMINO ACIDS COMBINATION WITH A CARBON SKELETON

Synthesis of Amino acid IN ANIMAL amino acids are mostly obtained through their food supply some amino acids can be synthesized inside their body

TRANSCRIPTION

TC A TGA T T A AG T ACA A A T Transcription takes place inside the nucleus. Part of a DNA unwinds.

AG T ACA A A T A G C U G A C G G U U U Only one strand acts as a template.

AG T ACA A A T A G C U G A C G G U U U Exposed base attracts complementary RNA. RNA POLYMERASE

AG T ACA A A T A G C G A C G G U U UU The enzyme RNA polymerase adds one complementary RNA nucleotide to the existing one.

AG T ACA A A T A G C G A C G G U U UU The enzyme RNA polymerase moves along the DNA.

AG T ACA A A T G C G A C G G U U UU A

AG T ACA A A T G C G A C G U U G UU A Complementary RNA nucleotide is added to the growing chain of mRNA one by one.

AG T ACA A A T G C G A C G U G UU A U

AG T ACA A A T G C G A C G G UU A UU

AG T ACA A A T G C G A C G G UU A UU A

AG T ACA A A T G C G C G G UU A UU A U

AG T ACA A A T G G C G G UU A UU A U C

AG T ACA A A T G G C G G UU A UU A U C

AG T ACA A A T UC A UGA U U A mRNA CYTOLPLASM mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore. NUCLEOPLASM Nuclear pore

AG T ACA A A T UC A UGA U U A mRNA mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore. CYTOPLASM NUCLEOPLASM

UC A UGA U U A mRNA CODON

AMINO ACID ACTIVITION

AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine TRANSFER RNA AMINO ACIDS

AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine Amino acids combine with the tRNAs using the energy from the splitting of ADP.

AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine Amino acids combine with the tRNAs using the energy from the splitting of ADP.

AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine ANTICODON

TRANSLATION

UC A UGA U U A mRNA CYTOPLASM

UC A UGA U U A AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid RIBOSOME mRNA attaches to the ribosome.

UC A UGA U U A AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid Complementary anticodon of the tRNA is attracted to the codon of the mRNA.

UC A UGA U U A AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine Complementary anticodon of the tRNA is attracted to the codon of the mRNA.

UC A UGA U U A AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine Peptide bond forms between the two adjacent amino acids.

UC A UGA U U A AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine Ribosome moves along the mRNA. Another complementary tRNA is attracted to the codon. The first tRNA is released back to cytoplasm.

UC A UGA U U A AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine Amino acid is linked to the previous amino acids with peptide bond.

UC A UGA U U A AAU Leucine ACU Aspartic Acid AU G Threonine A tripetide is formed.

UC A UGA U U A AAU ACU AU G Leucine Aspartic Acid Threonine mRNA and tripeptide are released to cytoplasm.

SCIENCE UNIT CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT SO Chi-shing Curriculum Officer (Biology)