 States that: › 1) All living things are composed of cells › 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. (Building blocks) › 3) New cells are produced from existing cells.

 Definition: The smallest unit that can carry out all of the activities necessary for life. › 1) Metabolism › 2) Homeostasis › 3) Heredity › 4) Cells › 5) Reproduction

 Prokaryotic cells › No true nucleus › No membrane bound organelles › single celled  Eukaryotic cells › True nucleus › Membrane bound organelles › Enclosed Genetic info › Multicellular or single celled

 Organelles: › Specialized structures that perform a specific function inside of a cell. › Means “little organs”

 Acts like the brain of the cell.  Directs all of the cell’s activities.  Stores DNA in the nucleolus.

 If your nucleus is broke what happens?  Diseases:  Pattows and Edwards Diseases. › Die at the age of 2-5 years old or miscarriage.  Trisomy 21= Down’s syndrome. › 1/5000 chances › Extra genes

 Diseases continued:  Cancer: Your DNA in your nucleus is broke your cells don’t stop dividing.

 Cytoplasm – jellylike substance inside the cell  Holds organelles together to give shape  Made up of Salt & Water

 Specialized part of the cell that makes food into energy for the cell.  Energy is called ATP.  Sprinters, weightlifters, and athletes have more mitochondria than lazy people.

 If your mitochondria is broke what happens?  Diseases: › All mitochondria we get from our mothers. › If mom has a disease, all of her children will get it. › Do not develop as well. › Have severe energy problems.

 Only found in plants!!!  Makes plants green.  Produces ATP energy from light, water and air in a process called photosynthesis.

 Cell wall – rigid structure to give support and protection  Only in plants  Outside cell membrane

 Cell Membrane: Controls the flow of materials inside and outside of the cell. › Acts like the security guard for the cell.

 Allows food and waste to move within the cell. Delivery system.  Acts as the highway system for the cell.  2 types of (ER): Rough and Smooth.  Rough ER has ribosomes on it.  Smooth ER: GOOOOD! Detoxifies drugs and poisons for us so they wont kill you.  Makes steroids for our body.

 Cell’s packaging and distribution center.  Stores Lipids and packages proteins  Labels molecules and tells them where in the body to go.

 If your Golgi is broke what happens?  Disease:  Lesch-Nyan: Kids are so mentally ill that they have a mouth fetish.  Bite their lips, fingers and tongue off. Normally die at an early age.

 Vacuole – to store materials: food, water, or enzymes  Found in plant an animal cells  Store waste at times

 Trash can for the cell.  enzymes that break down sugars and digest old cell parts  Helps plants stand upright (vacuole)

 If your lysosome is broke what happens?  Disease:  Tay Sacs: › Kids have a large head. › Die by the age of 1 › Toxins build up in the cell. › At 6 months you start regressing until death.

 Made in the nucleus.  Makes proteins in the cell.  Each ribosome has 2 parts.  Links Amino acids together to form proteins

Plant CellsAnimal Cells Cell membrane AND Cell Wall Cell membrane; NO cell wall Chloroplasts AND mitochondria Mitochondria; NO chloroplasts Rigid, rectangular shapeIrregular, spherical shape Large central vacuole to hold water (for structure) NO large central vacuole

Which cell will divide faster? Why did you pick that one?  Eukaryotic  Prokaryotic

 Prokaryotic divide faster then Eukaryotic. › WHY??? › A: The more complex the cell, the longer it takes to divide

 A: Cells divide to fill your bodies needs!  Human cells spend 12 to complete S,G2 and M phases of the cell cycle

Cell TypesLife Span Red Blood cells4 months Skin cells2 weeks Brain cellsLife time Stomach cells2 days Bone cells25-30 years Colon cells4 days Muscle cells15 years avg Taste buds10 days Nails6-10 months

 Regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division of Eukaryotic cells

1. G1 Phase: cells carry out normal functions 2. S-Phase: cells synthesize DNA 3. G2-Phase: cells carry out normal functions and additional growth occurs INTERPHASE makes up G1, 2, & G2 phases

4. Mitosis & Cytokinesis: division of cell nucleus and cytoplasm into two identical ‘daughter’ cells. -There are 4 phases of Mitosis

 Division of the cell nucleus and its contents › DNA condenses into chromosomes and duplicates  Chromosomes are one LONG thread of DNA  One copy goes to each nucleus of the ‘daughter cell’

PROPHASE:  Chromosomes condense  Nuclear envelope breaks down  Centrioles move the poles  Spindle fibers form

METAPHASE:  Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes  Chromosomes align at the cell’s equator

ANAPHASE:  Chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell

TELOPHASE:  Nuclear membranes start to form  Spindle fibers fall apart  Chromosomes uncoil

 Separate from Mitosis  Last stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides