INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Dr. Smith

Anatomy/Physiology Anatomy - study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts Physiology – study of how the body parts work together FORM FITS FUNCTION To view – dissect individual parts of body

Organization of the Body Organisms are made up of trillions of atoms Atoms combine to form complicated molecules Molecules combine to form organelles – components of cells that do a specific function for a cell Organelles combine to form cells (smallest living unit) Cells that work together combine to form tissues Tissues that work together to form an organs Organs that work together form an organ system Organ Systems that work together form an organism

Biological Organization

Anatomical Position Reference position where we can discuss the relationship of one body part to another Standing Posture, Palms forwards, head and feet forward Supine refers to body lying face up Prone refers to body lying face down

Anatomical Directions When the body is in anatomical position we can use these terms Superior/Inferior- towards the head/towards the feet Anterior (Ventral)/Posterior(Dorsal) – towards the front/towards the back Medial/Lateral – towards the midline/away from the midline Proximal/Distal – towards the trunk of the body/away from the trunk of the body Superficial/Deep – near the surface/away from the surface

Body Planes Used to “cut” a body into smaller segments Sagittal Plane – cut lengthwise from head to toe – mid-sagittal – two equal halves Frontal Plane (also called coronal plane) – divides into anterior and posterior Transverse Plane – horizontal plane – divides into superior and inferior portions

BODY CAVITIES Body Cavity - open spaces in body where organs are kept - Cranial cavity (dorsal) – houses brain Spinal cavity (dorsal – houses spinal column Thoracic cavity (ventral) – houses lungs and heart – divisions – mediastinum – middle - pleural (lungs) sides Abdominopelvic Cavity – separated from thoracic by diaphragm

Abdominopelvic Regions

Picture of unidentified student when she found out how much work this class entails YIKES!! !!!

Body Regions Axial Region – centralized body trunk – consists of head, neck, and torso Appendicular – upper and lower extremities

Balance of Body Functions Homeostasis – regulation of the living environment – Biological balance Homeostasis is controlled by feedback loops - Sensor – senses a change in the environment Control center – processes the change Effector - effects the controlled condition

Negative Feedback Loop Negate or oppose a change in a condition – return to normal

Positive Feedback Loop Not common – amplify or reinforce a change that is occurring Uterine contractions in the birthing process and the introduction of platelets to cuts