© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues Seventh Edition Michael D. Johnson Lecture Presentations by Robert J. Sullivan Marist College 4 From Cells to Organ Systems

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Define tissues, organ, and organ systemsDefine tissues, organ, and organ systems Discuss the 4 primary tissues (epithelial; connective; Discuss the 4 primary tissues (epithelial; connective; muscular; nervous) and membranes of the body muscular; nervous) and membranes of the body Describe body position or direction and the different cavities Describe body position or direction and the different cavities Describe the 11 organ systems found in the body Describe the 11 organ systems found in the body Describe the skin as an organ Describe the skin as an organ Explain how homeostasis is maintained Explain how homeostasis is maintained OBJECTIVES

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tissues  Groups of same type of cells with a common function  Four tissue types: –Epithelial –Connective tissues –Muscle –Nervous

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissues  Two basic purposes 1.Line body cavities and cover surfaces 2.Glandular epithelia –Epithelial cells make up glands –Exocrine glands –Secrete into ducts –Endocrine glands –Secrete into the blood to carry chemical messages throughout the body

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissues: Classification  Shape –Squamous –Flattened cells –Cuboidal –Cube shaped –Columnar –Column shaped

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissues: Classification  Number of layers –Simple/single-layered –Adapted for diffusion –Stratified/multiple-layered –Provide protection, as in the skin surface

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. How would the following epithelial tissue be called based on the layering and shape? Allposters.com Pathguy.com Lining of blood vessel Microanatomy.net Red blood cells AB C D E F Kidney tubule

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. tight adhesion gap  Basement membrane: a  Basement membrane: attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues –Cell Junctions: cell to cell attachment  What is the function of each type of junction?  Which junction suits the following cells: skin; stomach; heart. Explain why. Epithelial Attachments

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Junctions—Hold Adjacent Cells Together  Tight junctions –Seal plasma membranes tightly together –Digestive tract epithelial lining  Adhesion junctions/ desmosomes –Allow tissues to stretch and bend –Skin lining cells  Gap junctions –Protein channels enable movement of materials between cells –Heart muscle cells

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Connective Tissue  General functions –Supports organs of body –Connects parts of body –Stores fat –Produces blood cells (bone)  Contains cells embedded in nonliving extracellular matrix  Two general types –Fibrous and special

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibrous Connective Tissue  Contains collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts embedded in gel-like matrix  Four general types –Loose: surrounds many organs, around blood vessels –Dense: forms tendons, ligaments –Elastic: maintains shape, example wall of aorta –Reticular: makes up internal framework of soft organs (liver) and the lymphatic system

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.4 Elastin fibers Fibroblast Collagen fibers Collagen fibers Nuclei of fibroblasts Loose connective tissue: around organs Dense connective tissue ( In tendons and ligaments )

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Specialized Connective Tissues Serve Special Functions  Cartilage e.g. in trachea, ear  Bone – support, movement  Blood- transport of material  Adipose tissue: made of fat cells; function in insulation, protection, and energy storage

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the primary purpose of muscle tissue? Contraction, produce movement What are the three main types and their function? Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle Which ones are voluntary? Skeletal Which ones are in voluntary? cardiac and smooth muscle Muscle Tissue

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the primary function?What is the primary function? What is the difference between a neuron and a glial cell?What is the difference between a neuron and a glial cell? What is the purpose of the dendrites? Of the axon?What is the purpose of the dendrites? Of the axon? cell body axondendrites Nervous Tissues

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nervous Tissues Transmit Impulses  Neuron: specialized nervous system cell –Function: generate and transmit electrical impulses –Structural components: cell body, dendrites, axon  Glial cells –Function: –Surround and protect neurons Provide nutrients to neurons

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  What are organs?  What are organ systems?  What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?  Use 1 – 5 words to describe each system From Cells to Organ to Organ Systems

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions  Organs –Contain two or more tissue types joined together; perform specific functions  Organ systems –Groups of organs that perform a common function –Examples –Digestive system: mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, and liver –Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organ Systems

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organ Systems

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities  Anterior cavity –Thoracic cavity –Two pleural cavities –Pericardial cavity –Abdominal cavity  Posterior cavity –Cranial cavity –Spinal cavity  Tissue membranes (serous membranes) line anterior body cavities

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8 The Main Body Cavities Which organs do the following cavities hold ? Pericardial Pericardial Pleural Pleural Abdominal Abdominal Pelvic Pelvic Cranial Cranial Vertebral Vertebral

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the purpose of tissue membranes?  Serous: lines body cavities, reduces friction between organs  Mucous:  Mucous: Lines airways, digestive tract, reproductive tract lubricates surface open to the outside; captures debris lubricates surface open to the outside; captures debris  Synovial: lines spaces in movable joints  Cutaneous: skin, protective outer covering Q: What kind of membrane would you expect to find lining a pleural cavity? Explain. Tissue Membranes

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Describing Body Position or Direction  Three body planes –Midsagittal –Divides body into left and right sides –Frontal –Divides body into front and back –Transverse –Divides body into top and bottom

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9 Superior (closer to the head or upper part of a structure) Inferior (farther from the head or toward the lower part of a structure) Distal (farther away from the trunk) Proximal (nearer to the trunk) Posterior (at or near the back) Anterior (at or near the front) Frontal plane Transverse plane Midsagittal plane

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Describing Body Position or Direction  Terms to describe relative position –Anterior: at or near the front –Posterior: at or near the back –Proximal: nearer to the body trunk –Distal: farther away from the body trunk –Superior: situated above or directed upward –Inferior: situated below or directed downward –Medial: toward the midline –Lateral: away from the midline

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skin As an Organ System  The proper name is integumentary system  Includes skin, hair, nails, glands  Functions –Protection from dehydration –Protects from injury –Serves as defense against microorganisms –Regulates body temperature –Makes vitamin D –Provides sensation

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin: Integumentary System Describe 5 functionsDescribe 5 functions Name the 2 layersName the 2 layers What tissues make up each layer?What tissues make up each layer? Identify the accessoriesIdentify the accessories Purpose of hypodermis?Purpose of hypodermis? Which of the four tissue types are absent in this diagram? Figure 4.10

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The Epidermis and Upper Dermis The epidermis consist of two main cell types: waterproof keratinocytes and melanin-producing melanocytes Why do we have diverse skin color? Why do the outer layers of epidermal cells die?

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Accessory Structures  Hair  Smooth muscle –raises hair to upright position  Oil glands  Sweat glands  Blood vessels  Sensory nerves

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Maintains constant internal environment  Mechanisms - negative feedback: deviations detected and counteracted - negative feedback: deviations detected and counteracted - positive feedback: amplifies original change Example: process of childbirth controlled variable controlled variable sensor sensor control center control center set point set point effector effector temperature receptor on nerve ends brain 37 o C shiver (muscles contract) sweat (glands secrete H 2 O) Blood vessels dilate/constrict Homeostasis

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.Homeostasis

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Glucose is simple sugar that provides energy to all of the cells in your body. Your body tries to keep a constant supply of glucose for your cells by maintaining a constant glucose concentration (70 – 100 mg/dL) in your blood---otherwise, your cells would have more than enough glucose right after a meal and starve in between meals and overnight. When you have an oversupply of glucose, the pancreas secretes insulin which stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen. It also stimulates fat cells to use up parts of glucose to make fat. If the level of glucose drops below normal (e.g. fasting), the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the liver and muscles to break down stored glycogen to release glucose. Identify: controlled variable, sensor, control center, set point, effector Q: Is this a positive or negative feedback mechanism? Activity: Homeostasis