Human anatomy SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

Introduction

Definition ： human anatomy is the science which deals with structures and functions of the human body, and it is the basic course of medicine 。 aims ：

systematic anatomy ： regional anatomy ： ： Surgical anatomy Sectional anatomy Surface anatomy X - ray anatomy X Locomotor anatomy

Atoms, molecules Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Levels of Structural Organization

(1) locomotor system (2) alimentary system (3) respiratory system (4) urinary system (5) genital system (6) endocrine system (7) circulatory system(angiology) (8) nervous system (9) sense organs splanchnology There are nine systems in the human body:

Anatomical position

superior, inferior anterior, posterior Terms of the direction Terms of the direction proximal 、 distal internal, external superficial, profound (deep) medial lateral ulnar 、 radial 、 tibial 、 fibular

Axis ： Verticsl axis Sagital axis 、 Coronal axis Plane : Sagital plane Coronal plane 、 Horizontal plane (tansverse plane)

locomotor system Composition: The locomotor system consists of bone joints muscles ，

( 1) long bone (2) short bone (3) flat bone (4) irregular bone Pneumatic bone Sesamoid bone 1. Classification of the bone

( 1) long bone Diaphysis(Shaft) Extremity—epiphysis medullary cavity nutrient foramen articular surface 、 metaphysis epiphysial cartilage epiphysial line Classification of the bone 骨的分类

(2) short bone Classification of the bone

(3) flat bone Classification of the bone

some cranial bones ; Vertebrae hip bone (4) irregular bone Classification of the bone

(1) bony substance Compact bone Cancellous bone trabeculae 2. The structure of the bones

(2) Periosteum Endosteum The structure of the bones outer layer inner layer

(3) bone marrow red bone marrow yellow bone marrow The structure of the bones

organic components ： inorganic components 3 ： 7 1 ： 1 1 ： The chemical composition and physical properties organic components inorganic components

3.The chemical composition and physical properties

process spine eminence tuberosity tubercle crest fossa fovea foveola sulcus impression notch 4. The surface features of the bones

cavity 、 sinus antrum 、 cellules 、 canal or meatus 、 aperture or foramen 孔、 fissure head 、 capitulum condyle 、 epicondyle surface 、 border 。 4. The surface features of the bones

Axial bone skull bones of trunk Appendiculoarbones bones of upper limb bones of lower limb 206 in number in adult

一、 Bones of trunk Composition: vertebrae （ 24 ） sacrum （ 1 ） coccyx （ 1 ） sternum （ 1 ） ribs （ 24 ） ( 一 ) Vertebrae There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae C.V. 7 Thoracic vertebrae T.V. 12 Lumbar vertebrae L.V. 5 Sacral vertebrae S.V. 5 sacrum Coccygeal vertebrae Co.V. 3~4 coccyx

1. General features of vertebrae Vertebral body Vertebral arch – pedicle of vertebral arch sup. and inf. Vertebral notch – lamina of vertebral arch process (7): spinous process transverse process sup. and inf. articular processes Vertebral foramen Vertebral canal Intervertebral foramen

(1) Cervical vertebra a. the body : small 2. The characteristics of vertebrae in each region b. transverse foramen Carotid tubercle anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 c. spinous processes short and bifid (except 1 ， 7 cervical vertebrae) d. vertebral foramen triangular and relatively large

axis Dens Atlas  Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses Groove for vertebral artery

Vertebra prominens

(2) Thoracic vertebrae A. Vertebrae Body heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea B. Spinous processes long, point obliquely posterior and downward C. transverse costal fovea D. Articular processes : coronal

(3) Lumbar vertebra a.Vertebral body: Larger, kidney-shape 大， b.vertebral foramen:. Larger and triangular b.vertebral foramen:. Larger and triangular c.Spinous processes : square and horizontal d. Articular processes : sagittal

(4) Sacrum Anterior surface: promontory, anterior sacral foramina (four pairs) Posterior surface: median sacral crest, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus ， sacral cornu Lateral part: auricular surface, sacral tuberosity

(4 ） Sacrum 、 Coccyx ： Coccyx promontory Anterior sacral foramina Anterior surface of sacrum

(4 ） Sacrum 、 Coccyx ： sacral hiatus Coccyx sacral cornu posterior sacral foramina Auricular surface Median sacral crest Sacral canal

（二） Sternum 1 、 parts Manubrium Body of sternum xiphoid process jugular notch Body of sternumManubrium xiphoid process Sternal Angle

（二） Sternum 1 、 parts Manubrium Body of sternum xiphoid process 2 、 Sternal Angle Sternal Angle

（三） Ribs : 共 12 对 True ribs ： False ribs ： Costal arch 。 Floating ribs ： Costal bone Costal cartilage Composition

（三） Ribs : 共 12 对 Costal bone Costal head Costal neck Costal tubercle Costal angle Costal groove Shaft of rib

First rib ： short and flattered superior surface ： inferior surface First rib ： short and flattered superior surface ： inferior surface scalene tubercle 前斜角肌结节 scalene tubercle 前斜角肌结节

The development of bones