Sports Medicine Standard 2 Anatomical Positions All of us are interested in our own bodies, but we are often overwhelmed by what appears to be a mountain of terminology and that must be scaled before we can speak the language of anatomy properly. Sports Medicine Standard 2

What is Anatomy and Physiology? Anatomy is the study of structure Derived from Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut open” Physiology is the study of the functions of body structures Structure and function are very closely related What is Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomic Position In the anatomic position, the body stands upright, with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the head is level and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are either at either side of the body with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body. By visualizing the body in anatomic position, all observers have a common point of reference when describing and discussing its various regions. All of the functional and directional terms we will discuss will refer to the body in anatomic position.

Planes of the Body Body Planes Coronal plane – also called frontal plane A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. Transverse Plane – also called the cross- sectional or horizontal plane. Cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body/organ. The body or organ is separated into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Sagittal Plane – also called the median plane Extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves. Midsagittal – sagittal plane in the middle of the body *only one Parasagittal – a plane that is parallel to the Midsagittal plane but either to the left or right of it. Planes of the Body

Anatomic Directions Term Meaning Example Anterior In front of; toward the front surface. The stomach is anterior to the spinal cord. Posterior In back of; toward the back surface. The heart is posterior to the sternum. Dorsal At the back side of the human body. The spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body. Ventral At the belly side of the human body. The umbilicus (naval, belly button) is on the ventral side of the body. Anatomic Directions

Anatomic Directions Term Meaning Example Superior Toward the head or above. The chest is superior to the pelvis. Inferior Toward feet not head. The stomach is inferior to the heart. Caudal At the rear or tail end. The abdomen is caudal to the head. Cranial At the head end. The head is cranial to the trunk. Anatomic Directions

Anatomic Directions Term Meaning Example Medial Toward the midline of the body. The lungs are medial to the shoulders. Lateral Away from the midline of the body. The arms are lateral to the heart. Deep On the inside, underneath another structure. Muscles are deep to the skin. Superficial On the outside. The external edge of the kidney is superficial to its internal structure. Anatomic Directions

Anatomic Directions Term Meaning Example Proximal Closest to point of attachment to trunk. The elbow is proximal to the hand. Distal Furthest from point of attachment to trunk. The wrist is distal to the elbow. Visceral Related to internal organs. The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with thin serous membranes Parietal Related to the body walls. which are composed of two layers: visceral (lines the internal organs) and parietal (lines the inside body wall) Anatomic Directions

Regional Anatomy

Regional Anatomy Regional Name Description Abdominal Region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones. Antebrachial Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist. Axillary Armpit. Brachial Arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow). Buccal Cheek. Calcaneal Heel of the foot. Carpal Wrist. Regional Anatomy

Regional Anatomy Regional Name Description Cephalic Head. Coxal Hip. Cranial Crural Leg. Deltoid Shoulder. Digital Fingers or toes. Dorsal Back. Regional Anatomy

Regional Anatomy Regional Name Description Facial Face. Femoral Thigh. Frontal Forehead. Gluteal Buttock. Hallux Great toe. Ingunial Groin. Lumbar Loin. Regional Anatomy

Regional Anatomy Regional Name Description Mammary Breast. Nasal Nose. Occipital Posterior base of the head. Olecranial Posterior to the elbow. Oral Mouth. Orbital Eye. Palmer Palm of the hand. Regional Anatomy

Regional Anatomy Regional Name Description Patellar Kneecap Pelvic Pelvis. Perineal Region between the anus and the external reproductive organs. Pes Foot. Plantar Sole of the foot. Pollex Thumb. Popliteal Area posterior to knee. Regional Anatomy

Regional Anatomy Regional Name Description Pubic Anterior region of the pelvis. Sacral Posterior region of between the hip bones. Scapular Shoulder blade. Sternal Middle of the thorax, anteriorly. Sural Calf. Tarsal Ankle. Thoracic Chest or thorax. Umbilical Navel. Vertebral Spinal column. Regional Anatomy

Anatomical Positions Anatomic Position Decubitus/Recumbent Position Left/Right Lateral Recumbent Supine Prone Fowler Position Knee-chest Position Lithotomy Position Sims position Trendelenburg Position Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions Decubitus/Recumbent Position Means “lying down” Dorsal Recumbent (or decubitus) Means lying down on back Left/Right Lateral Recumbent Means lying down on left or right side Left = recovery position

Supine Means face up Anatomic Positions

Prone Means face down Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions High Fowler’s Position Fowler Position Patient is sitting upright as far as the bed can go Between 60-90 degree angle Fowler Position Patient is sitting supine at 45-60 degree angle Semi-Fowler’s Position 30-45 degree angle Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions Knee-Chest Position A prone position in which the individual rests on the knees and upper part of the chest. Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions Lithotomy Position A supine position of the body with the legs separated and flexed Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions Sims Position It is performed by having a patient lie on their left side, left hip and lower extremity straight, and right hip and knee bent. Interchangeable with lateral recumbent. Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions Trendelenberg Position Patient lies face upward on a tilted table or bed with the pelvis higher than the head. Anatomical Positions