Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. SAP1 L ANGUAGE OF A NATOMY AND P HYSIOLOGY ● Standard anatomical body position ● Directional terms ● Body planes ● Body cavities ● Regional terms

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A NATOMICAL P OSITION ● Standard anatomical body position: ● Body erect ● Feet slightly apart ● Palms facing forward ● Supine – lying face upward ● Prone – lying face downward

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Superficial Deep Proximal Distal Medial Lateral (Anatomical Position)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. B ODY P LANES Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. B ODY P LANES ● Sagittal plane Divides a structure vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section ● Midsagittal (median) plane Divides the body into right and left halves Lies on midline ● Parasagittal plane Not on midline

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. B ODY P LANES ● Frontal (coronal) plane Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts ● Transverse (horizontal) plane Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts Produces a cross section ● Oblique section Cuts made diagonally

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8 Transverse plane Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal plane Liver Spleen Pancrea s Aort a Vertebral column Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Rectum Intestines Left and right lungs LiverHeart Stomach Spleen Arm (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) (c) Median section (midsagittal)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A NATOMICAL V ARIABILITY ● Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place Small muscles may be missing

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. B ODY C AVITIES ● Dorsal cavity Protects nervous system ● Two subdivisions: Cranial cavity Encases brain Spinal cavity Encases spinal cord

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. B ODY C AVITIES ● Ventral cavity Houses internal organs (viscera) Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. V ENTRAL B ODY C AVITIES ● Thoracic cavity subdivisions: Two pleural cavities Each houses a lung ● Mediastinum Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds thoracic organs ● Pericardial cavity Encloses heart

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. V ENTRAL B ODY C AVITIES ● Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. S EROUS M EMBRANE (S EROSA ) ● Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid Allows organs to slide easily across cavity walls and one another without friction Extremely important when mobile organs such as pumping heart and churning stomach are involved ● Parietal serosa lines internal body walls ● Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. S EROUS MEMBRANES Specific names of serous membranes depend on their locations: ● PERICARDIUM is serosa lining around the heart ● PLEURA is serosa lining the lungs ● PERITONEUM is serosa lining abdominal cavities and covering its organs 1. mesenteries are double layers of peritoneum that anchor organs to the body wall 2. Organs, like the kidneys, covered by only one layer of peritoneum are called retroperitoneal

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardiu m Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardiu m (b) The serosae associated with the heart.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A BDOMINOPELVIC R EGIONS ● Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 Epigastric region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Appendix Cecum Diaphragm Stomach Descending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A BDOMINOPELVIC Q UADRANTS ● Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. O THER B ODY C AVITIES ● Oral and digestive cavities ● Nasal cavity ● Orbital cavities ● Middle ear cavities ● Synovial cavities

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. R EGIONAL T ERMS ● Two major divisions of body: Axial Head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Limbs Regional terms designate specific areas:

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a Cervical (a) Anterior/Ventral Pubic (genital) Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b Cervical Back (dorsal) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

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