1-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1 1 Human Relations: A Background

1-3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Human Relations?  Human Relations is the skill or ability to work effectively through and with other people.  It means interactions with people. How people deal with each other. How comfortable are the relationships.  The skills that are necessary for good relations with others are the most important skills anyone can learn in life. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1-4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Importance of Human Relations Skills Other reasons for studying human relations include the following:  Human rights  The global marketplace  Emphasis on people as human resources  Renewed emphasis on working groups  Increasing diversity in the workplace

1-5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Importance of Human Relations Skills: Human Relations and You Human relations skills can help you:  get a job.  enjoy your work.  be more productive at it.  stay there longer, with better chances for advancement.

1-6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Challenges in Human Relations  Increased competition in the workplace  Dual-career families  Single-parent families and divorce  Two generations of dependents

1-7 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations Reasons for the labor union movement include:  poor human relations between managers and workers.  intolerable working conditions.

1-8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: The Early Years  Robert Owen ( )  Stopped employing young children in his factory.  Encouraged his workforce to stay clean and sober.

1-9 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: The Early Years  Andrew Ure ( )  The Philosophy of Manufacturers (1835)  Workers should have:  Medical help.  Hot tea on a regular basis.  Good ventilation.  Sick leave.

1-10 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: The Early Years  Max Weber ( )  Saw human relations problems as being caused by:  Favoritism  Nepotism  Other unfair practices

1-11 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: Human Relations as a Science  Today the word bureaucracy often has a negative connotation. The word is often associated with government red tape and paperwork. Bureaucracy actually started out as a method of improving not only efficiency, but human relations as well.

1-12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: Scientific Management  In the early years of the 20 th century, Frederick Taylor ( ) and others began a movement call scientific management. Taylor showed how crucial the human element is in the performance of any organization.

1-13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: Scientific Management Taylor’s approach contained two major features:  Managers should carefully select and train workers for specific tasks.  Managers should try to motivate workers to increase productivity.

1-14 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: Frank ( ) and Lillian ( ) Gilbreth  Married couple  Industrial engineers and scientific managers  Pioneers in time and motion study.

1-15 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: Mary Parker Follett ( )  Workers should be allowed to be involved in decisions affecting them.  The workplace is dynamic—always changing.  The main job of managers at all levels is to maintain positive relationships with workers.

1-16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: The Hawthorne Experiment  Conducted in part by Elton Mayo ( )  Outcomes:  Workers perform better when someone is paying attention to them.  Relationships that form naturally in the workplace makeup informal organizations.  Recent research shows additionally:  Hawthorne workers may have been motivated by fear, as well.

1-17 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: Human Relations and Management  Wagner Act of 1935  AKA: National Labor Relations Act  Labor unions were gaining power

1-18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: Human Relations and Management  Douglas McGregor ( )  Psychologist  Pioneer in individual relations.  Created Theory X and Theory Y  Allowed management to understand their influence on employee morale and productivity.

1-19 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Human Relations: Human Relations and Management  Total Quality Management  Process emphasis  Now referred to as many things, including just “quality.”

1-20 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Human Relations is Not Practicing effective human relations means being yourself at your very is best. It is:  NOT a study in understanding human behaviors to manipulate others.  NOT a cure-all.  NOT just common sense.

1-21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Areas of Major Emphasis  The study of human relations, in the broadest sense, has two goals:  Personal development and growth  Satisfying the objectives of the organization

1-22 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Areas of Major Emphasis  Areas of Emphasis:  Self-esteem  Mutual respect  Self-awareness and self-disclosure  Communication Skills  Group dynamics  Motivation

1-23 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategy for Success 1.1: Develop Mutual Respect 1. Develop your self-esteem. 2. Develop your self-awareness. 3. Develop trust. 4. Learn to self-disclose. 5. Cultivate mutual respect.

1-24 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategy for Success 1.2: Build Your Communication Skills 1. Learn to communicate honestly. 2. Learn what effective communication is and how to develop this skill. 3. Know what you are communicating to others by increasing your self- awareness. 4. Know what you are communicating to others by your nonverbal signals. 5. Learn to deal effectively with conflict.

Chapter 1 1 End of Chapter 1