Bacteria Chapter 24

Archaebacteria Prokaryotic – single celled Prokaryotic – single celled Probably all life's origin Probably all life's origin Include the extremophiles Include the extremophiles

Extremophiles Methanogens – produce methane gas, oxygen is poisonous to them ( swamps, sewage, intestines)

Extremophiles Halophiles – salt loving – great salt lake etc.

Extremophiles Thermoacidophiles – extreme high temperatures. Thermoacidophiles – extreme high temperatures.

EUBACTERIA (Bacteria) Come in 3 basic shapes Come in 3 basic shapes BacilliCoccciSpirilla

Bacteria Most bacteria are Heterotrophic – get their energy from organic compounds of other organisms. Most bacteria are Heterotrophic – get their energy from organic compounds of other organisms. A few are Autotrophic – make their own energy from photosynthesis. A few are Autotrophic – make their own energy from photosynthesis.

Bacteria Reproduction Bacteria divide by Binary Fission – not meiosis (no nucleus). Bacteria divide by Binary Fission – not meiosis (no nucleus). Bacteria can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. Bacteria can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. Movie Movie Movie

BACTERIA One important role of bacteria is Nitrogen Fixing – transformation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into other forms of nitrogenous compounds that can be used by plants. One important role of bacteria is Nitrogen Fixing – transformation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into other forms of nitrogenous compounds that can be used by plants.

Gram Staining Gram Positive – purple – retain stain = this means that the bacteria have a thick cell wall and are Gram Positive – purple – retain stain = this means that the bacteria have a thick cell wall and are Gram Negative – pink – this means that the bacteria have a thin cell wall. Gram Negative – pink – this means that the bacteria have a thin cell wall. Gram Staining can determine Gram Staining can determine toxicidity, reaction to antibacterial drugs and disinfectants. toxicidity, reaction to antibacterial drugs and disinfectants.

Cyanobacteria Blue Green Algae Blue Green Algae Can be a lot of different color. Can be a lot of different color. Population bloom = death (red tides) Population bloom = death (red tides)

Genetic Recombination Transformation – Bacteria takes in DNA from its external environment Transformation – Bacteria takes in DNA from its external environment Conjugation – bacteria share DNA when they come in contact Conjugation – bacteria share DNA when they come in contact Transduction – a virus obtains a piece of DNA from a Bacteria then spreads the bacteria Transduction – a virus obtains a piece of DNA from a Bacteria then spreads the bacteria

Diseases caused by Bacteria Exotoxin -Toxins that are leaked or secreted out of the bacteria cell and into its host (you and me). Exotoxin -Toxins that are leaked or secreted out of the bacteria cell and into its host (you and me). Endotoxins are generally much less pathogenic than Exotoxins and rarely cause death. Many fevers are caused by endotoxins whereas exotoxins never produce a fever. Endotoxins are generally much less pathogenic than Exotoxins and rarely cause death. Many fevers are caused by endotoxins whereas exotoxins never produce a fever.

Diseases caused by Bacteria – copy down 3 Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) Tetanus Tetanus Whooping Cough Whooping Cough Typhoid Fever Typhoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever Cholera Cholera Plague Plague Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Meningitis Meningitis Bacterial Pneumonia Anthrax Bacterial Pneumonia Anthrax Botulism Botulism Bacterial Dysentery Bacterial Dysentery Diarrhea Diarrhea Food Poisoning Gas Food Poisoning Gas Gangrene Gangrene Syphilis Diphtheria Syphilis Diphtheria Gonorrhea Gonorrhea Trench Fever Trench Fever Trench Fever Influenza Trench Fever Influenza Typhus Fever Typhus Fever Lyme Disease Lyme Disease Tooth Decay S Tooth Decay S carlet Fever carlet Fever Tonsillitis Food Tonsillitis Food Poisoning Toxic Poisoning Toxic Shock Syndrome Shock Syndrome Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Human Monocytic Human Monocytic Erhlichiosis Erhlichiosis Human granulocytic Human granulocytic Gasteroenteritis Gasteroenteritis Peptic Ulcers Peptic Ulcers

STD – Bacterial Infections Neisseria gonorrhea (causes gonorrhea or gonococcal infection) Neisseria gonorrhea (causes gonorrhea or gonococcal infection) Chlamydia trachomatis (causes Chlamydia infections) Chlamydia trachomatis (causes Chlamydia infections) Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) Haemophilus ducreyi (causes chancroid) Haemophilus ducreyi (causes chancroid) Klebsiella granulomatis (previously known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis causes granuloma inguinale or donovanosis). Klebsiella granulomatis (previously known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis causes granuloma inguinale or donovanosis).

Bacteria around me? How much bacteria is around us? How much bacteria is around us? Where are the most infected areas? Where are the most infected areas? How can you reduce your risk for bacteria? How can you reduce your risk for bacteria? Cell phone clip Cell phone clip Cell phone clip Cell phone clip STAPH

Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotics are drugs that combat Bacteria – ex Penicillin. Antibiotics are drugs that combat Bacteria – ex Penicillin. Antibiotic Resistance-Disease -causing microbes that have become resistant to drug therapy are an increasing public health problem. Tuberculosis, gonorrhea, malaria, and childhood ear infections are just a few of the diseases that have become hard to treat with antibiotic drugs. Antibiotic Resistance-Disease -causing microbes that have become resistant to drug therapy are an increasing public health problem. Tuberculosis, gonorrhea, malaria, and childhood ear infections are just a few of the diseases that have become hard to treat with antibiotic drugs.

How to reduce resilance. Antimicrobial drugs intended for bacterial infections should not be taken for viral infections such as colds, coughs, or the flu. Antimicrobial drugs intended for bacterial infections should not be taken for viral infections such as colds, coughs, or the flu. If your health care provider determines that you do not have a bacterial infection, ask about ways to help relieve your symptoms. If your health care provider determines that you do not have a bacterial infection, ask about ways to help relieve your symptoms. Do not pressure your provider to prescribe an antibiotic. Do not pressure your provider to prescribe an antibiotic. Take medicine exactly as your health care provider prescribes. Take medicine exactly as your health care provider prescribes. Take the antibiotic until it is gone, even if you are feeling better. Do not save the medication to treat yourself or others later. Take the antibiotic until it is gone, even if you are feeling better. Do not save the medication to treat yourself or others later.

Useful Bacteria – write down 2 Helps make some foods Helps make some foods Preserve food Preserve food Keep gut healthy Keep gut healthy Break down toxins Break down toxins Make soil Make soil Billions of years ago they increased oxygen by 20% enabling larger items to live Billions of years ago they increased oxygen by 20% enabling larger items to live