The Evolutionary History of Biodiversity Concept 2: Analyzing the diversity of bacteria, archaea, protists, and fungi (Ch 26, 27, 28, 31)

Bacteria and Archaea You must know: o The key ways in which prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes with respect to genome, membrane- bound organelles, size, and reproduction. o Mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes, including transformation, conjugation, transduction, and mutation.  Refer to pg in Holtzclaw, Ch 27 in Campbell and media resources

The Prokaryote Cell Wall contains peptidoglycans -Gram-positive (simple) -Gram-negative (complex) …or cilia …plus circular plasmids

Try This! Prokaryotes verses Eukaryotes ProkaryotesEukaryotes Genome Membrane-Bound Organelles Size Reproduction

Try This! Prokaryotes verses Eukaryotes ProkaryotesEukaryotes GenomeDNA is circular, with additional circular plasmids DNA is not circular and associated with many proteins Membrane-Bound Organelles No true nuclei or internal compartmentalization Nuclei and membrane-bound organelles such as ER, Golgi, etc Size1-5 µm10-50 µm ReproductionAsexual: Binary fissionSexual or asexual

The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea  The size of things The size of things  Flagella Flagella

The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea  What is the difference between these two domains?  Refer to p. 173 Holtzclaw “A Comparison of the three domains of Life”

The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea  What is the difference?  “A Comparison of the three domains of Life” CharacteristicBacteriaArchaeaEukarya Nuclear Envelope Membrane- enclosed Organelles Introns Histone proteins associated with DNA Circular Chromosome

The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea  What is the difference?  “A Comparison of the three domains of Life” CharacteristicBacteriaArchaeaEukarya Nuclear EnvelopeNO YES Membrane- enclosed Organelles NO YES IntronsNOYES Histone proteins associated with DNA NOYES Circular Chromosome YES NO

Genetic Diversity in Prokaryotes  Asexual Reproduction  Binary Fission  Need mechanisms to contribute to genetic diversity  WHY?  Mechanisms for Genetic Diversity  Mutation (with rapid reproduction)  Transformation  Conjugation  Transduction

Mutation (with Rapid Reproduction)

Transformation

Conjugation

Transduction  Viruses

Metabolic Diversity  Photoautotrophs  Chemoautotrophs  Photoheterotrophs  Chemioheterotrophs  Obligate aerobes  Obligate anaerobes  Facultative anaerobes  Nitrogen Fixation  Extremophiles  Extreme halophiles  Extreme thermophiles

AP Themes  Chemical Recycling – Decomposers  Ecological Interactions – Symbiosis  Mutualism  Bioremediation  Your intestinal bacteria  Production of cheese, etc  Deep-sea vents  Commensalism  Parasitism  Pathogenic  Antibiotics

Let’s Investigate!