Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

Contain carbon Molecules of living things Make up all living things  Examples: Humans, Trees, Bees, Fungi, Bacteria

Building Blocks monomer Macromolecule polymer Monosaccharide or Simple SugarCarbohydrates Fatty acidsFats and Lipids Amino AcidsProteins NucleotidesNucleic Acids

 Most abundant organic compound  Contains oxygen, hydrogen & carbon  1:2:1 ratio  Some functions  Energy source Both quick and storage  Support & structure Plants- cellulose Insects-chitin- exoskeleton

 Monosaccharides  Simple sugars 5 or 6 carbons Examples- glucose & fructose  Disaccharides  Two sugars joined together Fructose + glucose= sucrose (table sugar)  Polysaccharides  Many simple sugars joined together Starch- energy storage plants Glycogen- energy storage animals Cellulose- structural support plants

 Proteins – long chains of amino acids  Joined by peptide bonds  Forms a polypeptide  (Examples are enzymes, insulin and hemoglobin)

 Subunits are fatty acids and glycerol  Fats, Oils, and Waxes  Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Cholesterol  Cell membranes, sex hormones

 Subunits are nucleotides  DNA and RNA are the two examples  Carries genetic information

Carbohydrate  energy Proteins  structure, growth, repair Lipids  long term energy storage, cushioning, insulation Nucleic Acids  instructions on how to make proteins

Benedict’s solution  tests for monosaccharides.  blue and turns red when heated if simple sugars are present

 Iodine tests for starch.  Turns from amber to black in the presence of starch

Lipids turn brown paper translucent.

 Tests for proteins  Turns purple in the presence of proteins

 Specific fit with substrate so each enzyme has special job.  Fit like a lock and key  Necessary for all biochemical reactions.  Substrate meets at enzymes active site.  Enzyme can be re-used  Catalyst = fancy name for enzyme.

 Temperature changes can destroy enzymes  It changes their shape so they can not work  pH level can also destroy enzymes Enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH level where they work the best

 ATP  Adenosine Tri-phosphate Made from ribose, adenine, and three phosphate molecules  Energy storage molecule. Energy is stored when phosphate bond is formed, and released when the bond is broken (makes ADP)  Important cycle in respiration and photosynthesis

 When high energy phosphate bond is broken then energy released and ADP made.

Important: All living organisms carry out respiration

 Without Oxygen (“an”= without, “aerobic” = oxygen)  2 Types  1) alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol (yeast)  2) lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (muscle cells and bacteria)

 With oxygen More efficient Occurs 24/7 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP What might effect the rate of respiration?

Anaerobic Respiration Without oxygen Where? Cytoplasm Little ATP Yeast, bacteria 24/7 Aerobic Respiration With oxygen Where? Mitochondria LOTS of ATP Multicellular organisms 24/7

 Who? Plants, algae, blue- green bacteria  Where? Only occurs during the day in CHLOROPLAST  How? plants take energy from sun and make glucose