Individuals – Groups – Institutions SS8H3a Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the Declaration of Independence. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Governance Conflict and Change Rule of Law

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3a ESSENTIAL QUESTION What was the French and Indian War, and how was it a cause of the American Revolution?

French and English Collide The “French and Indian War”, also known as the “Seven Years War” to the rest of the world (1756 to 1763) the bloodiest American war in the 1700’s. It took more lives than the American Revolution.

It was a clash between the French and English over colonial territory. Both claimed the area of the Ohio River Valley British had begun to trade with Native Americans in the area Colonists in Virginia wanted to turn the land into farmland

1754-Washington tried to drive the French out of the Ohio River Valley but the French were too strong The English then built Fort Necessity to keep the French out of the British settlements. The English hoped to convince native people that England was the stronger force, so that they would ally with the British rather than the French.

French soldiers and their native allies overwhelmed Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, marking the start of the “French and Indian War” in North America. The French permitted Washington and his men to return to Virginia safely, but made them promise they would not build another fort west of the Appalachian Mountains for at least a year. England did not officially declare war until 1756.

After initially losing, the tide turned for the British in 1758 peace with important Indian allies began adapting their war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the American frontier Spain joined the French

The end and a new war 1762 France and Spain asked for peace 1763 Treaty of Paris Britain demanded that the two countries give up great portions of their claims to land in North America France gave up its claims to Canada and all territory east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans Spain lost Florida But the Spanish still held their territory west of the Mississippi River and in Central and South America.

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 1754-1763 CAUSE ENGLAND AND FRANCE WANTED TO CONTROL THE SAME LAND THAT WAS WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MTNs AND EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER FRANCE HAD INDIAN ALLIES THAT THEY TRADED WITH ENGLAND HAS COLONISTS WHO WANTED TO SETTLE THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY EFFECT (CHANGE) ENGLISH WON THE WAR COLONIES EXPANDED THEIR BOUNDARIES WESTWARD (GEORGIA BOUNDARY BECAME THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER ENGLAND ACQUIRED FLORIDA FROM SPAIN BRITISH GOV’T BEGAN TAXING THE COLONISTS TO HELP PAY FOR THE WAR – THIS BECAME THE 1ST CAUSE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION CONFLICT and CHANGE

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION What was the SS8H3a ESSENTIAL QUESTION What was the Proclamation of 1763?

The Proclamation of 1763 Was a British decree made in favor of Britain’s Native American allies It reserved land west of the Appalachian Mountains for the Native Americans Colonists who were living in this area were commanded to leave This made the colonists angry

PROCLAMATION OF 1763 Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians. Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.” The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the Revolutionary War.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3a ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Stamp Act and Intolerable Acts cause the American Revolution?

Taxation without Representation The French and Indian War cost money Because of this debt, King George III raised money by taxing the colonists But the colonists didn’t have representatives in Parliament

Taxation without Representation In 1764, Parliament passed the Sugar Act, which taxed non-British imports of sugar, textiles, coffee, wine, and indigo dye. The Stamp Act of 1765 set a tax on all legal documents, permits, commercial contacts, newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards.

Stamp Act Colonists ignored the Stamp Act Colonists boycotted British goods; they put pressure on Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act; created the Stamp Act Congress The Sons of Liberty was formed in response to this Act. The Stamp Act Congress also gave the colonists a model for the Continental Congress. Parliament voted to end the Stamp Act in March 1766

This cartoon depicts the repeal of the Stamp Act as a funeral, with Grenville carrying a child's coffin marked "born 1765, died 1766". - wikipedia.com

INTOLERABLE ACTS To bring the colonies under control, Britain’s Parliament passed 4 laws: 1. closing of Boston Harbor until damages from Boston Tea Party were paid for 2. Cancelled Massachusetts’s royal charter 3. British troops in colonies who committed a crime were tried back in British courts, not colonial courts 4. Quartering Act – house and feed British soldiers As a result of these laws, the colonists formed the First Continental Congress to discuss how to respond to the British

Individuals – Groups – Institutions SS8H3a Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War (Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the Declaration of Independence. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Governance Conflict and Change Rule of Law

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3a ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did the Declaration of Independence play in the American Revolution?

Georgia and The Revolution Georgia did NOT send a representative to the First Continental Congress because they had done well as a royal colony and they worried they needed the help of the British troops against Native Americans The FCC formed the Association – they banned trade with Britain Georgia sent Lyman Hall to represent them in the Association

Georgia and The Revolution The Second Continental Congress formed in 1755; Georgia joined the other colonists to fight for independence from Great Britain On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence; this document announced the separation of the 13 colonies from Britain and was signed by reps from all 13 colonies

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE The Declaration of Independence was a formal document that was written to officially announce the colonies' break from Great Britain.

Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change SS8H3b Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton play in the American Revolution?

Button Gwinnett, George Walton, and Lyman Hall were the three Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence.

Button Gwinnett Was a planter who was elected to Georgia’s Commons House of Assembly When the war began, he led opponents of the Whig Party from all parts of GA He helped ensure the passage of Georgia’s first constitution in 1777. In 1777, he was appointed Georgia’s president and commander-in-chief Gwinnett County was named for him.

Lyman Hall Represented St. John’s Parish in the Second Continental Congress He could not vote though because he did not represent the entire colony. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He became governor of Georgia in 1783. He helped establish UGA. Hall County is named after him.

George Walton He was a patriot and active in the revolutionary government. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was elected governor of Georgia in 1779. He also served as a U.S. Senator and justice of the state superior court. Walton County is named after him.

What’s the difference between a LOYALIST and a PATRIOT? AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What’s the difference between a LOYALIST and a PATRIOT?

Loyalist v. Patriot Loyalist – colonists who stayed loyal to Britain. They were also called Tories. They wanted Britain to continue ruling the colonies. Patriot – colonists who rebelled against British rule. They were also called Whigs. They wanted to break free from British rule.

American Revolution Groups LOYALISTS Though Georgians opposed British trade regulations, many hesitated to join the revolutionary movement that emerged in the American colonies in the early 1770s and resulted in the Revolutionary War (1775-83). The colony had prospered under royal rule, and many Georgians thought that they needed the protection of British troops against a possible Indian attack. - New Georgia Encyclopedia PATRIOTS Colonists who opposed British rule and wanted to break away and form their own country. These colonists were angered over the many ACTS (rules and taxes) that they were forced to pay, especially since they had no voice in government (Parliament). The slogan “no taxation without representation” was what they rallied behind. The Patriots would eventually fight the British in the American Revolutionary War.

Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change SS8H3b Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Nancy Hart, Austin Dabney, and Elijah Clarke play in the American Revolution?

Nancy Hart She, her husband, and eight children lived outside of Elberton, GA. Five Tories stopped at her house and demanded she cook dinner for them. They were bragging about a murder they committed of a Whig. While they drank, she took their guns and sent her children to get help They figured out she had taken their guns, and when they rushed her, she shot one of them. She held them at gunpoint until help arrived. Hart County is named after her (only county named after a woman).

Revolutionary Heroine Nancy Hart Revolutionary Heroine Georgia's most acclaimed female participant during the Revolutionary War (1775-83) was Nancy Hart. A devout patriot, Hart gained notoriety during the revolution for her determined efforts to rid the area of Tories, English soldiers, and British sympathizers. Her single-handed efforts against Tories and Indians in the Broad River frontier, as well as her covert activities as a patriot spy, have become the stuff of myth, legend, and local folklore. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

Elijah Clarke Elijah Clarke was a patriot and a hero of the Revolutionary War from Georgia. Clarke County is named for him. On February 14, 1779, Clarke led a charge in the rebel victory at Kettle Creek, Georgia. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

Austin Dabney He was an enslaved man who served under Elijah Clarke He was the only African-American soldier to fight in the Battle of Kettle Creek. In recognition of his bravery, the state of Georgia gave Dabney some land.

Austin Dabney Austin Dabney was a slave who became a private in the Georgia militia and fought against the British during the Revolutionary War (1775-83). He was the only African American to be granted land by the state of Georgia in recognition of his bravery and service during the Revolution and one of the few to receive a federal military pension. Born in Wake County, North Carolina, in the 1760s, Austin Dabney moved with his master, Richard Aycock, to Wilkes County, Georgia, in the late 1770s. In order to avoid military service himself, Aycock sent Dabney to join the Georgia militia as a substitute. Serving as an artilleryman under Elijah Clarke, Dabney is believed to have been the only black soldier to participate in the Battle of Kettle Creek, one of the most significant battles in Georgia, which took place near Washington on February 14, 1779. He was severely wounded in the thigh during the fighting, and Giles Harris, a white soldier, took Dabney to his home to care for the wound. Dabney remembered Harris's kindness and worked for the Harris family for the rest of his life. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK The most important event to occur at Kettle Creek took place on Sunday, February 14, 1779. On that morning 600 American supporters of the British cause, popularly known as Loyalists or Tories, encamped atop a hill in a bend of the creek. Elijah Clarke and other patriot soldiers were able to defeat the loyalists and prevented the British from invading northern Georgia. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change SS8H3b Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Conflict and Change

ESSENTIAL QUESTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION SS8H3b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What is significant about the siege of Savannah during the Revolutionary War?

Siege of Savannah In 1779, GA’s royal governor Wright returned to GA to restore the colony to the British Crown A French fleet surprised GA’s loyalists to recapture Savannah for the patriots Soldiers from France fought with the patriots to secure Savannah The patriots suffered 1,000 casualties and the British only lost 18; the patriots were defeated The siege had failed; Savannah stayed under British control until the end of the Revolution in 1782

Siege of Savannah This drawing by a British officer details the failed attempt by American and French forces to recapture Savannah from British troops on October 9, 1779.