Unit 1: European colonisation of Africa in the late 19th century. Textbook page 172-183 HANDBOEK Bl. 170 Powerpoint presentation created by: Mr L Taute ltaute@hsmontana.co.za

Unit 1: European colonisation of Africa in the late 19th century. 6 Sections HANDBOEK Bl. 171

Class Activity Find all the definitions on page 172-191 en write them in your workbooks! HANDBOEK Bl. 172-191

Topic 6 – Unit 1 Questions that will be answered with these summaries Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? Section 2: How was Africa after the Berlin Conference in 1884? 1.1) Social and political organisation This conference had divided Africa under the Europeans. Germany, Italy, France, Britain, Portugal and Spain had signed this agreement. This agreement was called the Berlin Act. 1.2) Trade 1.3) Education 1.4) Technology The Map of Africa between 1885-1914 , with colonizing countries. (P. 176 in textbook) 1.5) Agriculture 1.6) Culture and religion HANDBOEK Bl. 172-191

Topic 6 – Unit 1 Questions that will be answered with these summaries Section 3: What were the causes of colonisation? Section 4: Patterns of colonisation: which countries colonised which parts of Africa? Section 5: Why were European powers able to colonise Africa so quickly? Section 6: What were the results of colonisation? HANDBOEK Bl. 172-191

Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? There were many powerful kingdoms spread across Africa before colonisation, for example: kingdom of Mali, Songhai kingdom en Ghana, Great Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe. HANDBOEK Bl. 172

Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? (continues) These kingdoms were Well-organised Enjoyed political autonomy Had complex trading systems Were technogically advanced They had their own education systems Practised agriculture (crops and lifestock) Had rich cultural and religious beliefs and practices.

1.1) Social and political organisation: Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? (continues) 1.1) Social and political organisation: Most societies before colonisation were founded on the principles of communalism in that they were self-governing, autonomous entities. All members took part, directly/indirectly, in the daily running of the tribe. Land was held commonly and could not be bought or sold, although cattle, were owned individually. HANDBOEK Bl. 172 8

Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? (continues) 1.2) Trade Pre-colonial Africa had well-developed trading systems. Trade in Pre-colonial Africa included gold, iron, copper, pottery, wood and ivory. HANDBOEK Bl. 172

Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? (continues) 1.3) Education The Timbaktu manuscripts show us that there were very high levels of scholarship (very advanced education) in some parts of Africa. HANDBOEK Bl. 172

1.3) Education (continues) Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? (continues) 1.3) Education (continues) Much of this education involved the transmitting of cultural values and skills within the society/tribe, and utilised oral histories of the group, tales of heroism and treachery, etc. 11

Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? (continues) 1.4) Technology Gold, copper and iron artefacts from pre-colonial Africa are evidence that these societies had mining technology as well as as the tools and knowledge to create objects for practical and decorative For example: HANDBOEK Bl. 173

Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? (continues) 1.5) Agriculture Many pre-colonial societies in Africa depended on agriculture and many areas enjoyed fertile soil. They domesticated cattle, sheep, goats and dogs. HANDBOEK Bl. 173

Section 1: How was Africa before European colonisation? (continues) 1.6) Culture and religion Pre-colonial African societies had rich and varied cultural and religious practices that were based on ancestor worship: linked to beliefs about their origins, the stories of their journeys and the cycles of the events of their lives. There were rituals for harvesting of the first fruits, the coming of the first rains, going to war or for victory in war. Some of these rituals involved sacrifices. HANDBOEK Bl. 173

Class discussion:

Section 2: How was Africa after the Berlin Conference in 1884? By the time of this conference, only some of coastal areas of Africa were colonised. European powers had become more aggressive to try and gain control over the interior of the continent. The Industrial Revolution had created a need for cheap labour, raw materials and new markets. The German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, called together the major western powers of the world to negotiate the control of Africa. This conference ended up dividing Africa amongst the Europeans. Germany, Italy, France, Britain, Portugal and Spain signed an agreement on this division. This agreement was called the Berlin Act. HANDBOEK Bl. 174-176

Section 2: How was Africa after the Berlin Conference in 1884 Section 2: How was Africa after the Berlin Conference in 1884? (continues)

Section 2: How was Africa after the Berlin Conference in 1884 Section 2: How was Africa after the Berlin Conference in 1884? (continues) By the time colonization was completed in 1914, the participants at the conference divided the whole of Africa among themselves in fifty countries. Class Activity

Here are the 50 countries that were divided due The Berlin Act: Section 2: How was Africa after the Berlin Conference in 1884? (continues) Here are the 50 countries that were divided due The Berlin Act:

Section 3: What were the causes of colonisation? The Industrial Revolution required raw materials that Europe did not have. Europe also needed new markets for the goods it produced. Imperialism: A desire to create overseas empires. Racism: Europeans thought that they were better than Africans. HANDBOEK Bl. 177-178

Section 3: What were the causes of colonisation? (continues) OTHER: End of slavery Capitalism Politics Exploration Medical technology Military development Racism and religions Rivalry Explanations of these concepts on p. 178 in textbook.

Section 4: Patterns of colonisation: which countries colonised which parts of Africa? There was an orderly system of colonisation that ensured that the division of Africa would take place without war among the European powers. Through the Berlin Act, the European powers justified dividing a continent among themselves. HANDBOEK Bl. 178

Self-study: Important Colonial possessions! P. 179 in textbook Section 4: Patterns of colonisation: which countries colonised which parts of Africa? (continues) Self-study: Important Colonial possessions! P. 179 in textbook

Section 5: Why were European powers able to colonise Africa so quickly? The advanced weapons, such as machine guns, that the Industrial Revolution provided the European armies, which defeated the African armies! Self-study: P. 180 in textbook HANDBOEK Bl. 179

Section 6: What were the results of colonisation? Almost all African countries except for Ethiopia and Liberia were colonised. Colonisation resulted in good and bad results for Africa, on: social, economic and political. Some African states are still struggling to be economically free because they were forced to sell their raw materials to European countries for low prices and then bought (imported) the manufactured goods from Europe at high prices. Many African countries are so poor, they get loans from the World Bank so they can build schools and clinics. This has resulted in African states once again being controlled by European states even though they are now politically independent. This is called neo-colonialism. HANDBOEK Bl. 181-183

Class Activity & Homework Write the table on p.181 in your workbook regarding the complete consequences of Africa's colonization. Homework: Act 1 P.177

Unit 1: European colonisation of Africa in the late 19th century. Textbook page 172-183 THE END Powerpoint presentation created by: Mr L Taute ltaute@hsmontana.co.za