12.1 DNA: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid

BACKGROUND INFO--NUCLEUS -NUCLEUS is control center of the cell— -NUCLEUS controls all cell activities including: cell reproduction & heredity storage of genetic information NUCLEOTIDES  DNA  GENES  CHROMOSOME S NUCLEUS  CELLS

BACKGROUND INFO--PROTEINS -building blocks for every structure in your body -control chemical processes in the cell

DNA FUNCTION DNAStorage/Transmit genetic information DNA’s primary function – make PROTEINS

DNA BLUEPRINT of LIFE— ALL body cells (except sex cells) have same copies of DNA to produce protein structures…. all 70 BILLION of them!! DNA is found in other organelles— mitochondria & chloroplasts

DNA STRUCTURE 1953—James Watson & Francis Crick discovered -double helix = twisted staircase -unwound resembles a ladder

DNA STRUCTURE

CRICK LETTER SOLD FOR MILLIONS

copyright cmassengale DNA Double Helix Nitrogenous Base (A,T,G or C) “Rungs of ladder” “Legs of ladder” Phosphate & Sugar Backbone copyright cmassengale

NUCLEOTIDES -repeating sub-units of DNA 1 nucleotide = 1 sugar, 1 phosphate, 1 base

NUCLEOTIDES stack on top of each other to form sides of DNA NUCLEOTIDE INFO: 1 nucleotide : 1 sugar, 1 phosphate 1 base NUCLEOTIDES stack on top of each other to form sides of DNA 1side of DNA upside down--“anti-parallel” 2 bases attached with hydrogen bonds

-A = Adenine -G = Guanine NITROGENOUS BASES PURINES – 2 rings of C and N -A = Adenine -G = Guanine *2 rings--each has 2 n’s *both end in “nine” Double ring has nine sides

T=Thymine C = Cytosine NITROGENOUS BASES PYRIMIDINE – single ring of C and N T=Thymine C = Cytosine *1 ring--each has 1 n* *both have a “y” – so does pyrimidine

DNA STRUCTURE *CHARGAFF’S RULE THYMINE = ADENINE GUANINE = CYTOSINE CREATE: memory device for pairing nitrogenous bases T A G C

ANTIPARALLEL SET 2 PENCILS PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER --POINT 1ST PENCIL UP --POINT 2ND PENCIL DOWN  = ANTI-PARALLEL One strand of DNA runs from 5’ to 3’ (sugars) The other strand runs in opposite direction - 3’ to 5’ (sugars)

copyright cmassengale DNA STRUCTURE P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A copyright cmassengale

Nucleotides THINK – PAIR – SHARE -What are the repeating units in DNA called? Nucleotides -What 3 things make up a DNA nucleotide? Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen containing base

NITROGENOUS BASE PAIR RULES CREATE a matching (complementary) DNA sequence for the following strand: A T G A A G T T T T T GG C T G G C T A G

DNA: Blueprint of Life -ANALYZE why DNA is called the “BLUEPRINT of LIFE” -every cell in your body has the same copies of DNA –pattern to produce protein structures

NUCLEUS: Control Center of the Cell -INFER why the nucleus is called the “CONTROL CENTER” of the cell -controls all activities of the cell including cellular reproduction and heredity

MODEL structures of DNA by labeling & coloring SUGAR--pink PHOSPHATE--green CYTOSINE--grey GUANINE--orange THYMINE--blue ADENINE--yellow

copyright cmassengale NUCLEOTIDE O=P-O O Phosphate Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) O CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

APPLY: COMPLETE the DNA CONCEPT MAP nucleotides twisted ladder -store/transfer genetic info -produce proteins double helix nitrogenous base phosphate group Watson & Crick deoxyribose guanine adenine thymine cytosine 1953

12.1 DNA LABELING G=guanine deoxyribose sugar phosphate group A=adenine

12.1 DNA LABELING G A G T G C

cell DNA 12.1 DNA LABELING chromosome nucleus histones – nucleosomes base pairs DNA

DNA EXTRACTION LAB 1-READ BACKGROUND INFO -HIGHLIGHT important info -ANSWER Qs - MRS. S 2-LAB -FOLLOW PROCEDURE -CLEAN-UP 3-LAB Qs -DISCUSS/ANSWER 4-COMPLETE APPLICATION NOTES w/lab partners

DNA EXTRACTION LAB

DNA EXTRACTION LAB PRE-LAB: 1-How much flax seed? _________ 2-Water temp? _________ 3-Lysis solution? __________ 4-Bubbles/foam? __________ 5-Purpose of tilting beaker? ___________ 6-Let beaker stand? ___________ 7-Identify DNA? _____________ 1 tsp HOT 5 drops remove w/paper towel keep layers from separating 2+ minutes white/stringy—looks like snot!

DNA EXTRACTION LAB ANALYSIS: 1- Purpose of lysis? _________ 2- DNA code of life? _________ 3- DNA made of? __________ 4- 10% of cell? __________ 5- Add alcohol? ___________ 8- 2 VARIABLES: free DNA -carries info for living things -nucleotides: P-group/sugar/nitrogen bases -C / H / O / P / N -tightly wound so compact DNA less soluble in alcohol -lysis solution—type/amount -source of DNA -temp of water –OR- alcohol -

12.1 VOC

DNA MODEL 1-ATTACH KEY CHAIN 2-WRITE BASE PAIRS ON WHITE BEADS -BOTH SIDES 3-CHECK KEYCHAIN with MRS. P 4-TWIST 5-ANSWER ANALYSIS QUESTIONS --------------- -check obj / vocab with table partner 6- GRADE ANALYSIS Q

ANALYSIS DNA MODEL 1- What base does ADENINE pair with? -THYMINE 2- What base does guanine pair with? -CYTOSINE 3-_______________’s rule says C=G and A=T 4- What is the scientific name of the shape of the DNA molecule? -double helix 5- What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? -phosphate -sugar -nitrogen base 6- What are the 2 parts of the nucleotide that make up the SIDES of the ladder? - Phosphate -sugar CHARGAFF

ANALYSIS DNA MODEL 7- What is the name of the sugar molecule in DNA? -deoxyribose 8- What type of bond holds the 2 bases together? -hydrogen 9-What is the FUNCTION of DNA? - 10- The sides of the DNA ladder run “anti-parallel”. What does this mean? -OPPOSITE 11/12- A-G-C-T-C-A-G-T-T-A-G-C-G-G-C-A-T-T-C T-C-G-A-G-T-C-A-A-T-C-G-C-C-G-T-A-A-G