Chapter 2 AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Lecture 2.2 Religion and Ethics in Classical China

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Stress Between Continuity and Change Continuity- the preservation of order- conserving values and traditions Change- innovation and reform- challenging existing order Each of these forces operate in creating history Governments are largely conservative forces preserving social order- especially after they are established The Mandate of Heaven exemplifies the struggle between continuity and change

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion in Classical China China really never developed a clear prevailing religion –Little speculation about God –God(s) as a general but not a set specific belief Unlike other cultures, schools of philosophy rather than religious faiths would serve government and preserve order

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Confucianism Confucius (Western name for Kong Fuzi) –Lived in a time of political decline- Late Zhou Dynasty ( BC) The impact of historical context on Confucius’ teachings  Outlined the characteristics of good government and social order  The value of wisdom for leaders at all levels  Moderate behavior  Respect for ritual and traditions

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Confucianism and Chinese Culture God and society in Confucianism –Acknowledgment of a divine order without any specific concept of God –Confucianism outlined a secular system of ethics –True happiness in doing good for all- humility and kindness- gentility Sayings captured in collected sayings The Analects –Collected by his students (like Socrates)

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Confucian Order through Respect for Relationships Order came from the respect of relationships and hierarchies (statuses) –Dominant and subordinate –Government and governed –Husband and wife –Father and son –Filial Piety- faithfulness to one’s role and proper respect to supereriors

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Legalism –Favored a strong state, ruling through force –Belief that human nature was basically evil –In opposition to Confucianism in many ways  Yet the two often combined in exercise of power  Practical- and pragmatic  Distain for ritual and tradition proper manners –Order maintained through force –Governing philosophy of the Qin and early Han dynasty  Qin emperor Shi Huangdi boosted of murdering thousands of Confucian scholars and burning texts  Modern communist leader Mao claimed to have outdone this emperor in persecuting Confuciuanism.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Popular religion –Confucianism has limited appeal- mainly to governing class –Polytheism persists  Conciliation of spirits  Family ceremonies

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Daoism Laozi (400s B.C.E. ) –Philosopher- during period of warring states –Retreat from society- more spiritual than Confucianism –State cannot solve all problems –Natural and mysterious rat  Dao, cosmic force- The way- sublime  “Those who know Dao can not speak it and those who speak Dao don’t know it”  Balance between strong and weak, dark and light yin and yang –Meditation –Many Chinese were Confucian by day and Daoist by night by night

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society Gender and Family Life –Great emphasis on authority –Parental authority especially upheld –Women subordinate to men

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert How Chinese Society Fits Together Isolation –View of surrounding peoples as inferior –No missionary desires –Buddhism an exception

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert How Chinese Society Fits Together Complexities in Classical China –Confucianism versus Daoism  Many points of overlap  But some antagonism –Balance often upset  Overpopulation might lead to uprisings