E MOTIONS, STRESS, AND HEALTH  Emotion =  a response of the whole organism  physiological arousal  expressive behaviors  conscious experience Primary fear anger happiness sadness surprise disgust

T HEORIES OF E MOTION  Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or  Are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

J AMES -L ANGE T HEORY OF E MOTION  Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion- arousing stimuli Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)

C ANNON -B ARD T HEORY OF E MOTION  Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:  physiological responses  subjective experience of emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Think – C and B in the alphabet at the same time

So now, you might be asking yourself which one is it? Does the emotion come after, before, or at the same time of physiological arousal?

S CHACHTER ’ S T WO -F ACTOR T HEORY OF E MOTION  To experience emotion one must:  be physically aroused  cognitively label the arousal  babies? Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal)

C OGNITION AND E MOTION  The brain’s shortcut for emotions

T HE B RAIN & E MOTION  1) Limbic system  the amygdala- -a neural key to fear learning  thalamus - switchboard  hypothalamus - hunger, thirst, sex, _______ (4 F’s)  frontal cortex- organize/process  2) Hemispheric speciality Right = negative Left = positive left frontal lobe +++

So which system mobilizes your body for action and which one for calming afterward?

E MOTION AND P HYSIOLOGY Autonomic Nervous System controls physiological arousal Sympathetic (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

A ROUSAL AND P ERFORMANCE  Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks  Yerkes-Dodson

E MOTION - L IE D ETECTORS  Polygraph  machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies  measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion  perspiration  cardiovascular  breathing change s Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant Question Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant > Control --> Lie

E MOTION -- L IE D ETECTORS  Is 70% accuracy good?  Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty  test all employees  285 will be wrongly accused  What about 95% accuracy?  Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty  test all employees (including 999 innocents)  50 wrongly declared guilty  1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

O PPONENT PROCESS THEORY  Preserve homeostasis We are motivated to seek stimuli that makes us feel emotion, after which an opposing motivational force brings us back in the direction of a baseline. After repeated exposure, we begin to habituate, i.e., thrill-seeking, fear=rush=calm

E XAMPLE  If you are frightened by a “mean” dog, the emotion of fear is expressed and relief is suppressed. If the fear-causing stimulus continues to be present, after a while the fear decreases and the relief intensifies. If the dog doesn’t move, your fear would decrease and relief that the dog didn’t attack would increase. If the stimulus is no longer present, then the first emotion disappears and is replaced with the second emotion. If the dog turns and runs away, you are no longer afraid, but rather feel very relieved.

Emotions and Physiology Fear and rage do evoke similar increased heart rate, but different facial muscles. Fear and joy have differing finger temperatures and hormone secretions. So, who’s right? James-Lange? Cannon-Bard?

F URTHER R ESEARCH Zajonc & LeDoux  Some responses are immediate without any appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, Singer  It’s often our “interpretations” that evoke emotion.

E XPRESSED E MOTION  People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one. (Ohman, 2001a)

E XPRESSED E MOTION Gender and expressiveness  Women better than men in understanding non-verbal cues. Sensitivity increases with age Men Women Sad Happy Scary Film Type Number of Expressions

E XPRESSED EMOTION Nature Nurture. temperament. shyness of Orientals. genes. boisterousness of Irish. Eskimos almost never express anger

E XPRESSED E MOTION  Culturally universal expressions A smile’s a smile the world around!

E XPERIENCED E MOTION FEAR ANGER HAPPINESS How many emotions are there? Carroll Izard 10 Joy Interest-Excitement Surprise Sadness Anger Disgust Contempt Fear Shame Guilt ?

E XPERIENCED E MOTION  Infants’ naturally occurring emotions joy anger interest disgustsurprisesadnessfear

FEAR FUNCTION poisonous, adaptive, protects from harm/injury, helps focus, real/imagine enemies, improve sensory input LEARNED? BIOLOGY conditioning, observation. amygdala. sympathetic nervous system. genes

 Subjective Well-Being  self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life (optimist vs. pessimist)  used along with measures of objective well-being  physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life  So does money buy happiness? HAPPINESS

E XPERIENCED E MOTION  Catharsis  emotional release  catharsis hypothesis  “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges  Feel-good, do-good phenomenon  people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

HAPPINESS  Does money buy happiness? Year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage describing themselves as very happy $28,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4, Percentage very happy Personal income

So Why Doesn’t Money Buy Happiness? Adaptation-level Phenomenon Like an addiction, once we have more we want more; as we adjust to that new lifestyle, we want a newer, better one! Relative deprivation

H APPINESS IS... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness

E MOTION & S TRESS  Stress  the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging Catastrophes, Significant Life Changes, Daily Hassles

S TRESS AND I LLNESS  General Adaptation Syndrome  Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages  A  R  E Stress resistance Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stressor occurs

S TRESS AND THE H EART  Type A  Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people  Type B  Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

S TRESS AND D ISEASE  Negative emotions and health-related consequences Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Heart disease Immune suppression Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension)

H OW DO YOU SPELL RELIEF ?  1) exercise

 2) social support groups

 3) meditation

 4) tend & befriend  5) rehearse forgiveness

V OCABULARY REVIEW ___ emotion a. easy-going relaxed people ___ stress b. emotion is experienced by physiologic arousal and labeling that arousal ___ g.a.s. c. hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone ___Cannon-Bard d. emotion = awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli ___ James-Lange e. Hans Seyle’s concept of the body’s response to stress – alarm, resist, exhaust ___Schachter-Singer 2-factor f. process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, threatening/challenging ___ Type A g. a response of the whole organism involving physiology, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience ___ Type B h. emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers physiologic and subjective experience of emotion

V OCABULARY REVIEW ___emotion a. easy-going relaxed people ___ stress b. emotion is experienced by physiologic arousal and labeling that arousal ___ g.a.s. c. hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone ___ Cannon-Bard d. emotion = awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli ___ James-Lange e. Hans Seyle’s concept of the body’s response to stress – alarm, resist, exhaust ___ Schachter-Singer 2-factor f. process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, threatening/challenging ___ Type A g. a response of the whole organism involving physiology, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience ___ Type B h. emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers physiologic and subjective experience of emotion

T HAT ’ S ALL FOLKS !