BELLWORK 1.How did Saddam justify his invasion of Kuwait? 2.Describe the Desert Storm campaign. How was it fought? Different stages? 3.Using three specific examples, explain how technology affected the outcome of the Gulf War. 4.What was the AirLand Doctrine? How was it used in the Gulf War? 5.THINKER: Many historians and politicians consider the Gulf War a simple case of “blood for oil.” To what extent do you agree with this? Explain!

International Response UN established sanctions August 8 – US troops are deployed to Saudi Arabia (Desert Shield) August 10 – Arab League authorized the dispatch of Arab forces to Saudi Arabia November – UN Security Council authorized the use, of any necessary measures to secure the removal of Iraq from Kuwait (Desert Storm) – starting 1/15/91

President George Bush – March 1991: “What is at stake is more than one small country, it is a big idea — a new world order, where diverse nations are drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal aspirations of mankind: peace and security, freedom, and the rule of law”

mpendia/statab/2012/tabl es/12s0937.pdf US oil exports by country in all decades since the 1980s

Coalition Fighting Force

Scud Missiles Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Exported widely to other countries, in particular developing nations reliant on Soviet military aide

Scud Missiles Scuds were responsible for most of the coalition deaths outside of Iraq and Kuwait. Total of 88 Scud missiles used – 46 were fired into Saudi Arabia and 42 into Israel – They killed one Israeli directly and one Saudi security guard by a hotel. – 28 members of the Pennsylvania National Guard were killed when one struck a US Army base in Saudi Arabia Military personnel examine the remains of a scud missile

Damage from Iraqi Scud missile in Israel

Damage from Scud missile attack on US base in Saudi Arabia

Coalition vs. Iraqi Tanks

Laser-guided missile hits its target

Precision bombing zRjrMqym0 zRjrMqym0

Highway of Death A six-lane highway between Kuwait and Iraq, officially known as Highway 80 The road had been used by Iraqi armed divisions for the 1990 Invasion of Kuwait. Target of coalition bombing campaign (especially by American & Canadian aircraft)

Attack on Highway of Death Attack focused on Iraqi military personnel and others escaping Kuwait on the night of February 26– 27, 1991, resulting in the destruction of hundreds of vehicles and the deaths of many of their occupants Between 1,400 and 2,000 vehicles were hit or abandoned

US Army General Norman Schwarzkopf leader of coalition forces “The first reason why we bombed the highway coming north out of Kuwait is because there was a great deal of military equipment on that highway, and I had given orders to all my commanders that I wanted every piece of Iraqi equipment that we possibly could destroy. Secondly, this was not a bunch of innocent people just trying to make their way back across the border to Iraq. This was a bunch of rapists, murderers and thugs who had raped and pillaged downtown Kuwait City and now were trying to get out of the country before they were caught.”

Highway of Death The road was repaired after the Persian Gulf War and used by U.S. and British forces in the initial stages of the 2003 invasion of Iraq

HOMEWORK Finish the Gulf War packet! Focus on reasons for Allied victory, as well as, the political, economic, and environmental effects of the conflict.

EXTRA INFO – TAKE OUT LATER! “Scud” is a Western term. The names of Soviet weapons we’re familiar with came from the Air Standards Coordinating Committee, a military group founded in 1948 by the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The committee gave surface-to- surface missiles names starting with “S”—Shyster, Sandal, Skean, etc. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization later adopted the naming conventions, as did the Soviets, who were so secretive that they would often use the Western terms rather than utter the forbidden Russian names. During the cold war, NATO used “Scud” to refer to a specific missile, the R-11, a Soviet theater-range weapon intended to strike targets in Western Europe. “Scud” is like “Kleenex” and “Xerox,” brand names that are used to refer, generically, to all similar products. In this case, the product is any single-stage, storable-propellant military rocket with a range of between 186 and 372 miles.