Behavioural interventions to prevent trespass and vandalism: Lessons learned from the RESTRAIL and GRAFFOLUTION research projects Grigore M. Havârneanu, PhD (Research Advisor – Security Division) José Pires (Senior Security Advisor) The Fifth International Rail Human Factors Conference London, 15/09/2015

Accidents to persons Source: European Railway Agency (ERA, 2014) Trespassing accidents = 61% of all accidents to persons = 18% of all the fatalities within the railway system 2The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Consequences for the railway industry Average shut-down time: minutes Average direct costs incurred by IMs: € 50,000 – 100,000 Average direct costs incurred by RUs: € 25,000 – 75,000 3The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

What is trespass? > Unauthorised (illegal) presence on the railway property (tracks, stations, trains...) & no injury intent Crossing the tracks in illegal places (Silla & Luoma, 2009) Walking along the tracks (Lobb et al., 2001) Loitering close to the tracks (Savage, 2007) Lying or sitting on tracks (Pelletier, 1997) > Not all trespassing behaviours (unsafe, violation, risk) result in accidents (death or injury) 4The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Why? Convenience > Shortcut (time saving, most attractive route) (e.g. Lobb et al., 2001; Robinson, 2003; RSSB, 2011; Silla & Luoma, 2009) 5The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Why? Unconsidered risks > Children and teenagers (playing, socialising, hanging around) 6The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Why? Underestimated risks > Thrill-seeking (Lerer & Matzopoulos, 1996; Witte & Donohue, 2000) (e.g. “train surfing”) > Homeless people looking for shelter 7The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Why? Leisure > Recreational & artistic purposes (taking a walk, taking photos) 8The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Why? Escape from controlled areas > Migrants 9The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Why? Negative will (1) > Fraud, fare-dodging > Metal theft 10The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Why? Negative will (2) > Vandalism, graffiti (Offler et al., 2009; Thompson et al., 2012) 11The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Groundwork > REduction of Suicides and Trespasses on RAILway property > 01/10/2011 – 30/09/2014 > UIC: coordinator > 17 partners > Reducing graffiti vandalism in public areas and transportation networks > 01/03/2014 – 29/02/2016 > UIC: railway representative > 8 partners 12The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Research questions > What behavioural measures are available to prevent railway trespass and vandalism? > What is the evidence for their effectiveness? Method > Systematic reviews (e.g. Havârneanu et al., 2015; Willcocks et al., 2014) > Collection of prevention practices from the RUs through surveys and workshops (e.g. Ryan et al., 2013; Clavell et al. 2014) 13The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Results (main categories of measures) CollaborationEducationEnforcement Education in schools Warning and prohibitive signs Collaboration between institutions Education outside schoolsImproved enforcementCommunity partnership Broader public awarenessStaff training Learning from research and best practice Intelligent surveillance 14The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Example 1: Improved enforcement Recommended against trespass Recommended against graffiti vandalism SECURITY PATROLS Patrolling during peak periodsRSSB (2002)Offler et al. (2009) Ability to detect and prosecuteC.A.R.E. (2006); Lobb (2006) Offler et al. (2009); Thompson et al. (2012) Legislative efforts Security patrols able to fine – DaSilva & Carroll (2011) Regulating the sale of graffiti materials, creating legal alternatives – Clavell et al. (2014) VisibilityVisible clothes – RSSB (2006) Plain clothes (- 40% incidents) – Thompson et al. (2012) Reinforcing legal behavioursIntermittent rewards (significant reduction) – Lobb et al. (2003) Free walls projects – Clavell et al. (2014) 15The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Example 2: Staff training Recommended against trespass Recommended against graffiti vandalism STAFF TRAINING General training for railway staff to increase awareness, identify and report signs of trespass Cohen et al. (2003), RAIB (2011), Wasnik (2010), RSSB (2005) Increased presence of staff on trains and training of staff for “railwatch” against vandals Offler et al. (2009); Thompson et al. (2012) 16The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Example 3: Collaborative measures: engagement Subway Surfers game app > Illegal graffiti + running along the tracks + train surfing 17The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Conclusions (theory & research) > Common categories of measures to reduce both trespass and graffiti vandalism > Very few evidence-based recommendations! > Most measures are actually interdependent and are likely to work in combination > Support for the BTP “route crime” concept > Support for the UIC comprehensive railway protection approach (safety + security) 18The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Conclusions (prevention practice) > Considering the interactions between the two phenomena and influences on one another > “feeling of security” and “acceptance threshold” E.g. Graffiti in an underpass -> perceived insecurity -> illegal track crossing ? 19The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015

Contact: Thank you for your kind attention! 20The 5th International Rail Human Factors Conference – London, 15/09/2015